Powder

Some say there is nothing stronger than a bond between a father and his son. The trying and heartwarming relationship between the father and his son is shown in the story â€Å"Powder† by Tibias Wolff. There are many differences and similarities between the father and his son, maybe a few more differences than similarities but that doesn't stop them from spending time with each other. To begin with, throughout the story the reader makes it clear the differences between the two characters. First off, the father has more of a rebellious, outgoing resonantly whereas the son likes to play more by the rules and stays more reserved.You see this not only in the second sentence where it talks about the father sneaking his son into the club but also when the father calls the state trooper to send him in the opposite direction so they could drive on the icy unfortified road to get his son home for Christmas dinner. You would think that all teenage boys would love a father who is willing to break the rules, but from the story it seems like this kind of actions from his father makes him more uncomfortable because it upsets his mom.Also the father was more of a risk taker where his son looked ahead and thought things out more. You can see this in the conversation In the car when the son talks about his success in school and always getting his home work while his dad Is taking a risk driving on the closed road. Even though there are major differences, the father and son do have some similarities. They both seem to care a lot about their families and their relationship together.Throughout the short story you see the wild and crazy actions of the father UT if you read deeper you see he Is only doing this to get his son home In time so his mother will continue to let him see his son. You can even tell the son cares about the relationship with his father because he's doing things outside his comfort zone such as going on a ski trip and trusting his father to drive on the dangerous, winding road. You can even start to see them bonding In the last paragraph when the son starts to relax and actually for once enjoy the fun crazy adventure his dad Is taking him on Instead of being uptight and worrying.There's many different ways to express your love to the closest people around you. Through the story â€Å"Powder† you see the father trying to show his love to his son by taking him on crazy adventures and showing him a good time. Through these you can see the many differences and saltcellars In the two, but through these differences and saltcellars you begin see them bond and develop a real father-son relationship. Powder By cylindering 123 more.You can see this in the conversation in the car when the son talks about his success in school and always getting his home work while his dad is taking a risk but if you read deeper you see he is only doing this to get his son home in time so his You can even start to see them bonding in the last paragraph when the son starts to relax and actually for once enjoy the fun crazy adventure his dad is taking him on instead of being uptight and worrying. See the many differences and similarities in the two, but through these differences and similarities you begin see them bond and develop a real father-son relationship.

Dakota Territory and Tool Box Enhancing

The only thing that's holding them back is the right group Of people. â€Å"Okay. So w?al need a scientist or two in case conditions are too harsh, too hot, or too dangerous. We need a strong body builder in case there really is life on Venus. We should bring some friends too so they can experience this incredible opportunity. And last but not least, the person who is willing to stay back, in case we†¦ -Dakota gulped. Never come back†¦ They will come looking for us. Dakota says sternly and seriously.Duke brings back his pro wrestler friend, Jack, who is willing to tag along. Dakota calls her old science teacher, Mr.. Seemlier and explains everything. He brings two more scientists because of how ecstatic they are to do this. Jake, Kelly and Viper are down to go as well. â€Å"Now are you guys still on board? Says duke. The whole gang simultaneously says yes and nods their heads. â€Å"Now. We need supplies. Jack, you get the cameras, video tapes, audio recorders, everythi ng. † † Mr.. Seemlier, you and your scientists will get the dried astronaut food.Two weeks' worth. † â€Å"Jake, Kelly, Viper. You guys will need to bring gallons of water, first aid supplies, and anything else you may need. † â€Å"Duke and I will handle the pillows, blankets and clothes. We will also make sure our space craft is ready for takeoff. † â€Å"Wait! Who's guan be the person to stay back in case something happens? † says Duke. â€Å"Crap I forgot! Molly will! Know she will. I'll call her. † Dakota repels. â€Å"So we all meet here. Tomorrow. With all supplies. No later than sunset.We don't want it to be too hot. † 1 . The words highlighted in blue are the sentences that use the repetition of words. The words highlighted in yellow are the short phrases separated by commas. The words highlighted in purple are the short sentences to provoke a fast paced tone. 2. Used dialogue to show that they like each other a lot and t o show how serious they were about this conspiracy. I feel I choose appropriate words for the situation such as â€Å"l was born ready. † And â€Å"Now are you guys still on board? †

Example Solution Manual Essay

PESTEL analysis is a useful starting point for environmental analysis, encouraging students to think wide. Exhibit 2.2 provides an initial PESTEL analysis of the airline industry, giving students the general idea. The first question asks for additional elements in the analysis. For example, under Political, you might add subsidies for local airports; under Economic, you might add the rise of Asian economies; and under Legal, you could add the trend towards airline privatisation. A key danger to highlight is of long lists of forces or influences that are too unwieldy for practical action. So the second question challenges students to assess which of the forces are likely to be of most significance in driving industry change. Here students should justify their views in terms of the evidence from the past and the likely impact in the future of any particular influence. The end-chapter case example on the European brewing industry also asks students to do a PESTEL analysis. Illustration 2.2 Scenarios Scenarios help students think long term and very broadly: here the World Economic Forum and its members are looking a decade ahead, and thinking about geo-economics in general as well as just the market in a narrow sense. The question asks about whether companies have more influence over government policy or geo-economics. It then goes on to ask about how companies might influence government. This also obviously touches on issues of corporate social responsibility, pursued in Chapter 4. Companies probably do have more influence on policy coordination, but the issue is which governments they should be talking to (the United States, China?) and whether it is only governments that matter (United Nations, International Monetary Fund, World Trade Organisation?). They should also consider how they can best influence governments, individually or collectively through, for example, the World Economic Forum or the Business Roundtable, the group of CEOs of leading American corporations. To some extent, the power is likely to be exercised negatively: through lobbying against and criticism of  proposals for financial re-regulation. It is worthwhile also asking about the influence these corporations can have themselves on geo-economic shifts: some Western company headquarters are shifting away from their home-countries, for example, the global headquarters of American civil engineering conglomerate Halliburton moved to Dubai and Swiss/Swedish engineering company ABB moved its global robotics business headquarters to Shanghai. Illustration 2.3 The Steel Industry The steel industry provides a fairly easy-to-understand case of rapid structural change, and one led by industry actors. Understanding how the leading companies are making an impact helps to counter a risk of ‘determinism’ in Porterian analyses; in other words, a sense that structures are given rather than changeable. The first question particularly invites a comparative analysis using the radar-plot introduced in Exhibit 2.5. The radar-plot might look roughly like the following, with the continuous lines indicating rough positions in around 2000 (10 years earlier than the illustration) and the dotted lines indicating positions in 2010. The comparative positions highlight the increasing power of suppliers such as the iron ore producers (negative); the high power of sophisticated buyers, somewhat mitigated by the declining power of the Big Three (mildly positive perhaps); and the beginning of decreased rivalry (positive) as the larger steel companies such as Mittal try to consolidate the industry. It might be said that the new entry threat has stabilised and even reduced, though continued investment by Chinese players may increase rivalry especially if they turn to overseas markets. Overall, comparing the size of the two radar plots over time suggests only a marginal change in favour of the steel producers. With regard to the second question, the acquisition strategies seem driven by the desire to reduce rivalry by reducing the number of players and even capacity. You might ask students what is necessary to make this work: here you might highlight the importance for reduced rivalry of both simultaneous cuts in capacity investments by, for example, the Chinese and strong barriers to new entry. With regard to the third question, success in raising barriers to entry (e.g. through technological change) and in  reducing rivalry (through continued consolidation) would make the industry more attractive. Vertical integration strategies into sources of supply (e.g. iron ore) would help too. A potential negative is significant progress with substitute materials. This depends on technological progress, hence providing a useful link between the Porter 5 Forces and PESTEL. Illustration 2.4 Chugging in the Charity Sector The aim of this Illustration of course is to show that industry structure analysis is relevant to not-for-profits as well. Indeed, charities appear ruthlessly competitive – hence the High Street chuggings. The first question points to at least three of the Porterian forces as causing problems: (i) There are low barriers to entry, with ‘constant refreshment’ of the industry by new charities; (ii) there is strong buying power on the part of local authorities commissioning services; (iii) there is intense rivalry because of the number of competitors and tendency towards overlap and duplication of charitable services. In addition, they face substitutes in the form of local authorities and other agencies performing services in-house, but at this point the trend in that respect was in their favour. The suppliers of funds – donors – have many alternative charities to give to. The mergers and increasing concentration levels (the largest are growing fastest) imply growing industry consolidation. At the moment, the industry structure might be described as highly competitive, but there may be widespread advantages to it moving towards a more oligopolistic situation. Illustration 2.5 Cycles of Competition The ‘wisdom’ in strategy theory has been that competitiveness is about building up a long-term competitive advantage and then defending it against competitors. The idea of cycles of competition takes a more dynamic view as to how competition in an industry will work its way out over time. It also highlights the potentially destructive nature of competition (at least from the point of view of industry players) and the value of trying to avoid it. Indeed, a key point is that these competitive cycles are not inevitable. Signaling to competitors, and interpreting the signals of others’  competitive moves, can help avoid head-on competition. Retaliation (Section 2.3 under barriers to entry) is a key principle here, as are the basics of game theory (Chapter 3). With regard to question 1, Francotop might have slowed down or rebuffed entirely Deutschespitze’s invasion of the French market by retaliating hard against its initial move: even though the youth niche was not so important to Francotop, a determined response there would have signalled the likelihood that attacking the core French market would be so fiercely opposed that it might not be worth Deutschespitze’s while even to try. With regard to question 2, Francotop would have been hard-pressed to avoid escalating competition in the business market. However, one possibility might have been for Francotop to focus on a particular neglected niche (say the small firms segment). By signaling clearly through advertising or similar that this niche was the extent of their ambitions, Francotop might have encouraged Deutschespitze to concentrate on its best opportunities, leaving the French get on with their specialism in peace. Illustration 2.6 Key Debate: How Much Does Industry Matter? This debate addresses an enduring source of controversy in strategy research, and allows students to review the importance of the contents of Chapter 2 (particularly the ‘five forces’), at the same time as introducing the more internally focused issues of Chapter 3 that follows. For Porter, industry matters a lot. The sceptic might argue ‘he would say that, wouldn’t he’? After all, this is exactly what his training in industrial economics and the standard products of his consulting firm would favour. However, the important thing here is to recognise the extent of the research he (and collaborators such as Anita McGahan) draw upon to make their case. It is worth pointing out to students that strategy theories are more than ‘just theories’: there is solid empirical research involved too. When meeting a new theory, students should get used to asking: where is the research evidence? What the research seems to suggest is that an industry is no t the be-all and end-all, but that choosing an attractive industry is a very good starting point in strategy: industry accounts for about two-fifths of the explained variance in the Porter and McGahan study (leaving aside control variables etc.). Turning to the precise question, the kinds of industries  that influence members’ profitabilities more than others seem generally to be service industries (explaining the greater industry effects in the Porter and McGahan study than in Rumelt’s). But to go on from here, industry influences are most likely to be strongest in highly competitive and mature industries. In such industries, sources of firm-specific differentiation are likely to be few, easily imitated and easily competed away, so making it hard to earn above-normal profits. At the same time, standard recipes for competing would have been established, so only the incompetent would perform substantially below the norm (and competition should have eliminated most such incompetents by the industry maturity stage). These conditions would probably prevail in service industries such as hotels, restaurants and retail. Newer industries are likely to offer more scope for innovation and differentiation, and have fewer commodity competitors and suppliers, so allowing persistent variability in profitability. Video Questions Hiscox Hiscox is a specialist insurer in the Lloyds of London insurance market. The company specialises in niche areas such as property and casualty insurance for high net worth individuals and companies, as well as cover against such risks as hacking, kidnapping and satellite damage. The video case is quite complicated, so best viewed after a thorough working through of the chapter material. 1.The industry is facing more buyer power, with the rise of online price comparison sites. On the other hand, there is a process of consolidation with the rise of ‘consolidators’ (companies such as Resolution), who are acquiring weaker companies in order to build position. This is likely in the long term to reduce rivalry. Major failures such as that of the American giant AIG (American Investment Group) are likely to reduce rivalry too. It is clear that general recessionary pressures are also influencing the market at the time of the video, reducing demand and likely to make it more price-sensitive. 2.Hiscox has a specialist position, aside from companies like AIG or the general insurers that Resolution is trying to buy, and its power in its niche is reinforced by its brand (well known in the United Kingdom). It also has the advantage of having both an underwriting (issue of insurance policies) and investment business, which mean that Hiscox is protected from short-term cycles or crises in one part  of the business, probably helping to buffer it from price competition in the short term too. Assignment 2.1 PESTEL Analysis PESTEL analysis is a useful starting point for environmental analysis. Illustration 2.1 provides a model. A ‘blank’ of the basic template of illustration 2.1 can be provided to students who can then be asked to complete it for the forces at work in a particular industry. The danger is that long lists of forces or influences can be generated by this device. So the second question challenges students to assess which of the forces are likely to be of most significance in driving industry change. Here students should justify their views in terms of the evidence from the past and the likely impact in the future of any particular influence. See the discussion of the PESTEL for the end-chapter case on the European brewing industry for an example. Assignment 2.2 Building Scenarios Assignment 2.2 requires students to focus on change in industry characteristics and competitive forces through the construction of scenarios. Guidelines for the construction of scenarios are given in Section 2.2.2 it is recommended that students follow these, building either two or four scenarios for a given industry. The work done in Assignment 2.1 should provide the bases of identifying the key industry forces or influences which will enable them to do this. Some of the problems of scenario building should be emphasised to students: Students may try to build in too many factors and, therefore, not be able to limit the number of scenarios. They may find difficulty in generating scenarios with a coherent and compatible set of factors. Some may be wary of having to exercise judgement; and others will confuse judgement with hunch. Try to encourage a realistic debate that tests out assumptions and projections against known facts and trends. A particularly useful exercise is to ask stude nts to build scenarios for an industry for which there is a company case (or for their own industry/company if possible) and then to assess the company’s strategic position in the light of the different scenarios (e.g. see the notes above on the brewing industry). One of the issues that might surface is the ease  or difficulty with which scenarios can be constructed. It usually emerges that scenarios are much easier to construct where the number of key forces at work in an industry is relatively few. They are less easy to construct if the number of important forces is high because the number of variables the student is trying to handle becomes too great. This, in turn, raises another issue. Scenarios are of particular use in uncertain environments as a means of helping managers to think through possible futures. However, uncertainty may arise for a number of reasons. If uncertainty arises because of the unpredictability of a few forces, then arguably scenarios may be very helpful, but what if uncertainty arises primarily because there are a large number of forces at work: to what extent are scenarios of use in such circumstances? There are a limited number of very important forces at work in the brewing industry: but what of fast-moving hi-t ech industries where there are many different forces at work? Assignment 2.3 Five Competitive Forces Five forces analysis is an absolutely fundamental technique in strategy. Section 2.3 should give students the ability to carry out a basic five forces analysis of any industry. They should be encouraged to consider all of the elements of each of the five forces: so for example, under barriers to entry, scale and experience effects, channels, retaliation and so on. The radar-plot technique of Exhibit 2.5 should only be used as a summary once the full analysis is complete; the danger is of it being used to short-circuit the analysis. Students should be expected to do more than simply list elements; they should clearly identify the implications (positive or negative) of each. The second question about conclusions for industry attractiveness should underline the importance of drawing out implications, rather than just listing. Assignment 2.4 Comparisons between Industries and Over Time This assignment allows students to build on Assignment 2.3 in order to consider the investment implications of differences between industries and change over time. The assignment is a substantial one if relying on students’ own research. However, time can be saved if two case studies are used (e.g. brewing, pharmaceuticals or hi-fi, perhaps looking backwards at  change over the past three to five years, rather than change in the future). Similarly, students may save time by using the radar-plot technique (Exhibit 2.5), as in the discussion of Illustration 2.3. It is important to note the two follow-up questions. Explicitly asking for justification helps students avoid the superficial analysis which is easy to do with five forces. Asking the question about investment helps students think about concrete implications, again something that five forces analyses often neglect. By looking over time, students will learn to be cautious about investing in industries with declining attractiveness. By comparing industries, students can also consider industry attractiveness in their diversification decisions, an issue picked up in Chapter 7. At the same time, it is worth countering the implications of five forces analysis with two thoughts: Industries that are highly attractive are likely to have high barriers to entry, so the costs of entry may outweigh the benefits of entering. An industry that is becoming relatively unattractive may be neglected by competitors, and, if you enjoy a strong competitive advantage in that industry, it may still be a source of profit to you. Assignment 2.5 Strategic Groups This assignment builds on the notion of strategic groups and strategic space outlined in Section 2.4.1 in the text. Figure 2.8 provides an example of how the exercise could be carried out. This could, for example, be applied to the European brewing industry: Key strategic dimensions might come under either of the scope or resource commitment characteristics in Section 2.4.1 – for example, product range or extent of vertical integration. Possible key strategic dimensions in the European brewing industry might include geographical coverage, strength of brands, diversification, size of firm, type of distribution, and so on. Students are encouraged to draw more than one strategic group map if they believe that more than two dimensions are important. It is useful to ask them to consider the extent to which different bases of such maps give rise to similar or different configurations. They might find, for example, that however the maps are drawn up, some companies always tend to end up in the same groups. In other words, some companies may have a very similar set of strategic characteristics along many dimensions. Students are asked to examine the  strategic group maps to see if there are any under-populated ‘white spaces’ in the industry. For example, in brewing, is there an opportunity for a giant specialist in making ‘own brand’ beer for the large retailers? However, students should assess carefully why there are few competitors in any such white spaces. White spaces can often turn out to be dangerous ‘black holes’ rather than attractive opportunities. Assignment 2.6 Critical Success Factors and the Strategy Canvas It is very likely that students will concentrate on success factors that are salient to them as consumers – for example, the product ranges of a clothing retailer. Less visible elements, such as ownership by a diversified parent company, may be neglected. However, for a short assignment, this need not matter too much: the essence is comparison in order to identify areas of (potential) competitive advantage. The key insight of a strategy canvas is to encourage competitors to compete where it is relatively easy to secure a significant advantage (Blue Ocean), and not necessarily to compete fiercely over the top-rated success factors if advantage can only be obtained at very considerable cost (Red Ocean). You can introduce less visible, but strategically significant elements after they have done their basic analysis. Integrative Assignment Full Analysis of an Industry or a Sector This assignment would be a demanding research project over a significant part of the course. It is however a very good test of students’ ability to apply tools to real data appropriately, as well as developing their research skills. Students will see it as practical and, if allowed a choice of sectors, relevant to their own interests. Good research resources are essential. As well as free web-based resources such as company reports, trade association statistics and some government or supra-governmental (EU, UN) reports and statistics, students would likely need limited-access resources such as the business press and journals available through BusinessSource Premier, Factiva or Proquest, and reports from organisations such as Euromonitor, Key Notes and Mintel. Your institution’s librarian will advise you on what is available to students and how proficient they are likely to be in using such sources. You would also want to guide students  on which industries or sectors to choose. Very broad industries – for example, the world airline industry – are likely to overwhelm students with data. It might be helpful to encourage focus – for example, the airline industry in India, or similar. Industry focus also reduces the risk of plagiarism. There are many student assignments of a similar nature available for a fee on the web, and it would definitely be wise to avoid allowing students to research the same industries in successive years. Requiring a specific focus on particular themes (e.g. internationalisation) or some less common concepts (e.g. the strategy canvas, cycles of competition etc.) can also reduce plagiarism. Insisting on precisely citing sources for key data and points (through an end-note system or similar) makes simple plagiarism harder too, as well as being good practice. If allowed, students will find very helpful a couple of example assignments from previous years to guide them roughly on what they are supposed to do. A report length limit of around 2000–2500 words would encourage students to focus on what is really important. Requiring an ‘executive summary’ would also force students to consider what is really important and what are the key implications. Over a two semester course, this assignment could be stage one of a two-part assessment regime; the second semester could have as an assignment asking students to consider implications of the first part for the strategy of a particular company in the original industry or sector. Case Example The European Brewing Industry This case focuses on the key techniques of PESTEL and five forces analysis that are central to this chapter. Full cases such as the pharmaceutical industry can be used develop students’ skills in seeing trends in industry data and drawing conclusions as to the likely impact of those trends on particular companies in an industry. PESTEL Here it would be helpful to ask the students to draw on wider knowledge or research (you may have beer drinkers from many countries in your class). Depending on how extensive students’ additional research and thinking are, a wide-range of issues may be raised. To highlight some for the purposes of illustration: Political: government campaigns against drink driving Economic: the rise of the Asian economies Social: rise of beer consumption in southern Europe Technological: few clear in the case, but innovations around products such as ice-cold lager might be raised Environmental: few clear in the case, but packaging issues are likely to be important Legal: few clear in the case, but changes in licensing laws and permitted alcohol limits for driving are relevant. PESTELs can often seem somewhat inconclusive, so it is important to pull out key issues and conclusions. The increasing hostility to drinking (under P and L) and the rise of Asian economies and southern Europe (under E & S) seem particularly important trends. One way of drawing some simple conclusions is to assess the overall balance (positive or negative) under each of the PESTEL headings: in the case of the European brewing industry, most of the headings are likely to be negative. The Five Forces There has traditionally been a wide variation of industry structures across Europe. The United Kingdom is fairly competitive. Denmark, Holland, Italy, Belgium and France, on the other hand, have been in near monopoly situations. However, with increasing exports and imports and cross-border acquisitions, national markets are becoming less protected. An interesting issue, then, is at what level to conduct industry structure analysis. If at a European level, the broad issues to consider under each of the five forces are as follows: Buyers: With more than one fifth of beer sold through supermarkets, and increasing resort to ‘own-label’, these buyers are increasingly powerful (underline that buyers are not the ultimate consumers). Suppliers: The high concentration of the packagers suggests that these are becoming increasingly powerful. Substitutes: Wine is clearly a dangerous substitute. New entrants: Internationalisation through M&A and increased trade is introducing new entrants into previously protected markets: most countries see increasing imports (Table 2). Anheuser-Busch and SABMiller are two obvious new entrants into Europe. Students might be alerted to the potential threat of TsingTao and the other Chinese brewers. Although not prominent in the case, there is still the potential of small new brewers entering using micro-breweries or contract brewers (e.g. Cobra). Rivalry: falling demand,  international entrants and over-capacity obviously increase the scope for rivalry. However, note that sales values are rising, that innovation and branding can mitigate price-competition, that there has been a history of price-fixing cartels, and that leading players are attempting consolidation through M&A. It might be useful to ask the students to compare industry concentration ratios in 2000 and 2009: that is, the share accounted for the top three or five players (Tabl e 3). As ever, it is important to draw conclusions. On balance, the European brewing industry does not seem attractive, and unlikely to become more so until the current round of consolidation is completed and brewers achieve greater leverage against their buyers and suppliers. Impact on Particular Brewing Companies The three companies are chosen to represent different types of ‘player’. A–B InBev is the largest player, after a succession of spectacular mergers. It is remarkable how the company is withdrawing from fast-growing China and Eastern Europe, however. Greene King is tiny in comparison to A–B InBev, with just one key domestic market, the United Kingdom. However, domestic focus and its own pubs may be giving it a strongly defended local position. You might ask whether there are competitors who might be tempted to buy such a company. Tsing Tao is the wild-card here. It is strong in its booming home market, but it is also interested in moving overseas. But would it make Europe a priority region for expansion, or choose another market?

Ethical Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Ethical - Essay Example To ensure the safety and the normal development of children by protecting them from risks, it is evident that encouraging children to manage risks would be the most beneficial method for their holistic well-being. With awareness and recognition of ethical issues prevalent in the classroom setting, teachers and school administrators conform to a set of guidelines which assist them in their decision making process. In this regard, this essay aims to differentiate between the legal and ethical issues encountered in a junior school and to discuss the need for legislation as a means of protecting students as well as teachers and school administrators. Likewise, the discourse would identify and evaluate a range of ethical theories that can be used to justify the decision making in the junior school, as the work place setting. Every field of endeavor designs a set of guidelines and standards for members to follow and conform to a prescribed moral behavior adhering to ethical principles governing their career of choice. Teachers and school administrators are governed by the code of ethics instituted by the National Education Association. The principles and commitments indicated in the code are known in the teaching profession as the Code of Ethics of the Education Profession (National Education Association (NEA), 2010, par. 2). Generally, the code envisioned two (2) distinct principles and commitments, to wit: commitment to the student and commitment to the profession. The first commitment sets guidelines for the educator to focus on the holistic development of the student by the encouragement of potentials and honing of skills. There are exactly eight (8) guidelines set by the NEA for educators to fulfill the obligations expected of them, to wit: (1) encouragement for learning; (2) encouraging diverse points of views; (3) making a balanced stance regarding student progress; (4) protecting the

Reflection of Class International Marketing Essay

Reflection of Class International Marketing - Essay Example that this is one of the best courses I have ever taken as it opened my eyes on how culture plays an important factor in business operation, choose between standardized or localized approaches in marketing, conduct country and market analysis, and understand entry strategies. The most interesting lesson presented in the class has been how culture contributes to and hinders the success of a business organization opting to expand in other countries. This course opened my eyes why there is no â€Å"one size fits all† strategy for different markets. It stressed the importance of business organizations’ adaptation to the economies where they operate. I believe that these points are very much important to the growing me-economy where customers demand highly unique products in order to address their individual needs. After the course, I believe that a company’s success hinges on its ability to evolve and recreate itself in order to suit the needs and preferences of the market. After all, this is what marketing is all about. I also have to mention that I enjoyed all the aspects of world culture presented in the class. It is exciting to note the differing consumer perceptions around the globe. I highly appreciate the professor’s strong encouragement for us students to participate in the class activities. I should also say that I have not been as active as my classmates because of my quiet personality. However, even for a silent and shy person like me, I have to admit that my colleague’s participation really made the class a fun experience. Participation makes learning more engaging and easier. Honestly, I have built friendships in the class which is very uncommon as I always find it very hard to open up myself and ideas to other individuals. Our class has truly provided a fertile ground for academic and social development. I know I have a lot to thank my professor

Portfolio Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Portfolio Management - Essay Example The strategies on the other hand demands awareness of the market conditions and stock volatilities to decide on the investment strategies in order to maximize the returns. Since risk in investments is unavoidable, the management of portfolio helps to mitigate the risk with appropriate investment strategies. The various investment strategies for formation of a portfolio are given below. Diversification The investment in assets is characterized by risk and return. These are two types of risk, namely the systematic risk and the unsystematic risk. The systematic risks are the risks that appear due to uncertainties in the market condition. The unsystematic risks are due to the fluctuation of the performance of individual companies. The diversification strategy is used in portfolio investments in order to reduce the unsystematic risk. Through the formation of a portfolio containing investments on a wide range of assets reduce the risk of the overall portfolio due to positive and negative e ffects of the individual assets. The diversification strategy helps to obtain optimum return through diversification of risk. ... stematic market risk could not be mitigated, the use of non-correlating assets helps to reduce the overall risk of the portfolio with the optimization of returns. Leap Puts and other Option The use of Put options and the Long Term Equity Anticipation securities are alternative investment strategies adopted by the investor. There may be cases where the returns of the portfolio have increased in short period of time and is likely to fall due to market volatility. However, there may be anticipations of future rise of returns. The objective behind adoption of this strategy is to secure the higher returns obtained and at the same time not withdraw from the position of investment. The use of Put options enables the investor to enter into a contract of selling the security at a particular price on a future date. Thus the investor could hold on to their investments without allowing the gains achieved to be depleted. The LEAP Puts are used as long term investment strategies with the same obje ctive. Stop Losses This is another investment strategy in order to protect the portfolio from the risk of fall in the value of shares. The use of stop losses means that the stock would be automatically sold if the price of the share falls to the pre-fixed value of stop losses. The use of stop losses sells the low performing shares and provides an impulse to the investor to investment in shares that could replace the sold share in the portfolio. Dividends The use of information on dividend payments by the companies form part of the investment strategies. Especially in cases of market downturn, the information on dividend is used by risk-averse investors and an important to hedge their portfolio. The dividends paid by the companies are interpreted by the investors as indicators of strong

Gender identity Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 5

Gender identity - Essay Example According to Devor, in all social categories, gender is the most transparent. The acquisition of gender roles come early in life making it hard to relate them to lessons taught and learned. He states that gender has nothing to do with socialization but, everything to do with nature. He further suggests that our ideas of being male or female are socially related. He clearly states that gender identity is a lifelong process. A story of my body: By Judith Ortiz Cofer. Cofer believes that the body plays a major role in different cultures and contexts. She goes on to reflect on how different societies have interpreted her appearances. To an extent, the story of her life is intertwined in this story. Her story brings out interesting comments on cross-cultural perception and gender. The thesis of this paper is generalized as gender identity. It tries to establish what comprises and defines gender identity. The two authors mentioned above have different perceptions about gender identity but all come to social factors. For instance, according to Devor, gender is determined by the roles one plays while on the other hand, Cofer perceives gender identity to be determined by the cultural standards. All these converge to the society which means that gender is identified by interacting with the society. Devor on Gender identity and generalized and significant others The generalized others acts as a kind of measuring or monitoring device through which people in a society judge their actions in reference to the generalized conceptions on how society members are expected to carry out their actions. In that way, individuals monitor their behavior in reference to what the society considers to be right or wrong. Therefore, these people have standards that censor their behaviors which may be either approved or disapproved by the society. Hence, the tension gives rise to the definition of self (Devor, pp 6) Although all others do play a significant figure in people’s lives, an d not everyone is of equal effect on self-development. Any individual is entitled to be part and parcel of the generalized others, but some people, by the sense of time volume spent in interacting with someone, or through particular interactions, would be more vital in the shaping of individuals’ values. The significant others are more influential in the creation of an individual’s self-image, goals, and one’s ideals. In that way, they weigh disproportionately on an individual’s generalized other. Hence, the individualistic impulses of children are outlined into a form that is socially acceptable by specific people and general pressure to adaption exerted by society members. Gender identity is, therefore, a focal point in the development of self-sense (Devor, pp 6) Cofer on generalized and significant others In contrary to Devor’s opinion on generalized others and its effect on one’s gender identity, Cofer argues in a completely different wa y. Coffer perceives one’s identity to be influenced by various aspects the body by different communities. He argues that different communities in their cultures define gender identity differently. For instance, Coffer, while she was in America skin color, had a diverse opinion depending on where one was. The Italian (butcher) at the supermarket discriminated her as she was darker compared to them while on the other hand, the Latinos considered her to be colored.

Security and Privacy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Security and Privacy - Essay Example By information we indicate data that have been produced into the structure that is consequential and useful to the human beings (Kenneth, 1999). Modern technology poses innovative confronts to the protection of individual privacy which existing (Kenneth, 1999). This section will provide the basic insight in to the problem situation that leads to development of this information policy. It is observed on numerous occasions, personnel working late observed the cleaning staff reading discarded printouts. This is really wrong client information exploitation. The administration at St. John’s Hospital takes pride in its sound policies and procedures for the protection of confidential client information. In fact, it serves as a model for other institutions in the area. There is need for the protection of the information and development of the effective information policy. Privacy is the declaration of individuals to be theft alone, free from observation or intrusion from other individuals of organizations as well as the state. Declarations to privacy are also caught up at the place of work. Information technology and system pressure individual declarations to privacy by making the incursion of privacy inexpensive, cost-effective, and efficient (Kenneth, 1999). The information security risk can be defined as the concentration of affect on organization processes (encompassing operational tasks, illustrations, or status), organization possessions, or individuals ensuing from the procedure of an business information arrangement offers the possible influence of a hazard and the probability of that intimidation occurring (Rebecca, 2007). In the above section the possible hazard situations are presented. Such situations can lead us towards lot of possible information exploitation cases. For instance, several workers can take information regarding any patient and blackmail him for

Single mothers and children Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Single mothers and children - Essay Example The homeless women and their families are exposed to deplorable living standards that sometimes may be described as inhumane and unworthy of human habitation. Polakow, in her book, succinctly captures this view when she says that, â€Å"This necessitates the decoding of our own myths of democracy and enlightened progress as one out of four infants, one out of five children, and one out of four single mothers already live in destitution, and as thousands more stand on the edge of a landscape that condemns, like young Oliver Twists, to their proper stations† (Polakow, 1994, pp. 3-4). The question that then presents itself is; why single mothers and children? The population of homeless women continues to rise every year, particularly the number of single homeless women. Many scholars have been quick to point out that the rising numbers of homeless single women represents the feminization of poverty across the globe (Rosenheck, Bassuk, and Salomon, 2010, p. 1). Many of the exceptionally destitute women have limited, job skills, earning power and education, and are beleaguered by childcare duties. In families where the woman is the head of the family, it is quite common to find that they are poorer than two-parent families because of the existence of a single income and the cost of bringing up a child. These facts only serve to prove that poor women do not have a chance in the contemporary labor market, which is primarily planned to support two-parent families with male breadwinners (Rosenheck, Bassuk, & Salomon, 2010, p.1). This leaves the single mother with no option but to seek additional income, failure of which results in the inabilit y to provide. This ultimately has the effect of forcing such women to seek accommodations in shelters resulting to an increase in the number of homeless people. The increasing numbers of homeless children may be directed attributed to child abandonment either by parents who cannot be able to provide for their needs, or by death

How Do Political Parties Affect Voters Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

How Do Political Parties Affect Voters - Essay Example Identification of parties is a concept where an individual joins and supports a political party. Because joining parties varies from one person to another. It might be from family influence, for example, parents, influenced by religion or unions. Usually, voting follows an individual’s party ID. The Electoral College was greatly affected by the rise of parties in politics through causing a great shift toward the outcome of winner-take-all of the general vote. Before the entrenching of systems of the political party, electors from particular states cast different votes for the presidential candidates. By 1830s, the rise of the parties led them to begin assigning state electoral votes to one candidate during the election. Most people would agree that political parties sway the voter with the false promises they make to the voters, advertisements and ways they use to make their opponents look dirty. All these tactics are false representations that the voter falls for, from time to time, and sways their judgment from a rational view of the political parties. (Duignan, 2013). A political party is an organization that allows people who are like-minded to work together in promoting particular ideas to achieve particular goals. The collaboration and co-operation of people with varying skill, views, experiences and knowledge within a political party are the main cause for the party to create policies across a variety of concerns required by the national interest. According to Houghton Committee, 1976, a political party serves as an aggregate for many diverse interests in the society forming them into a reasonable and clear political program. They make electoral choices simpler for citizens and facilitate the government by providing coherence to parties in the parliament. They perform a selection of candidates to the parliament and other bodies of the government and enable citizens to participate in processes of policy-making. Finally, political parties help provide a broad education on politics.  

Work based practice in childhood studies Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Work based practice in childhood studies - Essay Example Therefore, the social integration tool curbs the theoretical stereotypes surrounding the needy children in a given society. The inclusive play environment should be more engaging to all the children. The placement makes children feel comfortable and the transition of different schedules should incorporate joyous moods created by singing and dancing (Gibbs 1988, p.43). This paper is an account on how inclusive play promotes children’s development in a special setting of work placement. In addition, the benefits of the inclusive play will extensively be discussed as well as its theoretical aspects (Cochran, Cochran & Nordling 2013, p. 106). The inclusive play placement refers to the location of the inclusive play activity. The play environment provides a surface justice by its ability of being equitable and usable by all the children. It provides an atmosphere of mutual acceptance, fun and respect. Based on an account of an inclusive play placement, the practitioner allowed the children to decide on what they wanted to do by voting and they chose a role play (Martin 2010, p. 56). The practitioner therefore provided the children with role play costumes, even though, some were comfortable with face painting while others pretended to be actors, for instance, Spiderman. The scheme was made more joyous and favourable for the children through the provision of weekly theme songs, drawings and dancing (Moore 2004, p. 33). This specific inclusive play reflected a diverse society in terms of nationality and culture. The children celebrated diversity by displaying a big welcome note written in all languages at the entrance. The c hildren enjoyed the celebratory mood by listening and dancing to Chinese music as well as designing candles of their choice and further enjoyed inventions of the Diwali celebratory cards (Walters 2013, p. 78). The disability discrimination act affirms the provision of equal rights and fair treatments as well as equal access to play

Atomic mass unit Essay Example for Free

Atomic mass unit Essay Substance Z is sodium carbonate because the relative atomic mass of X calculated is 22. 99. The actual relative atomic mass of sodium is 22. 99. Hence, we can conclude X is sodium. 6) If de-ionized water was added into the volumetric flask beyond the calibration mark, the exact concentration of the solution of standard Z will decrease but the number of moles of substance Z will still remain the same. Assuming that the volume of the solution of substance Z made is still 250 cm3, the number of moles calculated in that 250 cm3 solution of substance Z will be less because of the decrease in concentration. When the number of moles calculated decreases, the mass of one mole of substance Z will increase because of the equation (). Number of moles is inversely proportional to mass of one mole of substance Z or relative molecular mass of substance Z. 7) If an air bubble is initially entrapped in the burette tip and is passed from the burette during the titration, the recorded volume of HCl used will increase although the actual volume used to reach the end point of the titration is still the same. The calculated number of moles of HCl used will increase. The number of moles of Substance Z calculated will also increase. The calculated mass of one mole of substance Z will be lower because of the equation (). The number of moles is inversely proportional to the mass of one mole of substance Z or relative molecular mass of substance Z. Discussion Element X was correctly identified as sodium and substance Z is sodium carbonate. The relative atomic mass of element X was accurately determined. The percentage error of the calculation is zero. Conclusion The relative molecular mass of substance Z can be correctly identified by knowing the amount of hydrochloric acid that reacted with a known amount of Substance Z. Substance Z is sodium carbonate with a calculated relative molecular mass of 105. 99g.

Language and Communication Barriers: International Students

Language and Communication Barriers: International Students Abstract Dont let your dreams be dreams. In this research proposal, we will analyse the issues faced by the international student when they arrive to New Zealand. When people travels from their own home country to any new country there are many issues which they face in their everyday life. Some of them are culture shock, according to Chiang (2014) culture shock is an interim feeling of anxiety, awkwardness, and discomfort that individuals usually experience when they live in a foreign society. Followed by the fear of discrimination in the college, language barrier and many more. In this research proposal, we will mainly focus on the language barrier or communication difficulties which are faced by international students. Followed by the literature review, there will be a timeline has been proposed to review the completion of areas of the study and research. Therefore, for further study, with the help of questionnaire survey a researcher will analyse what kind of language barriers or communic ation difficulties international student experience in Whitireia Polytechnic Institute, Auckland. Introduction The limits of our language means the limits of our world. Language plays a very major role when an individual travel out of their home country as an international student. Language does not mean only talking, there are many broader perspectives of language such as reading, listening, hearing, communicating and many other. when international students travel to New Zealand, they feel that they fall under the category of language minority and the educational system is new and difficult. Therefore, they feel very frustrated, as they undergo various language issues. Although, their medium of study in their native country would be same but when they travel outside their country, it limits the indulgence in the foreign community (International Education Journal, 2004). In the entire study, researcher emphases on numerous studies which are executed on the following topic and expands the new research. The earlier studies will benefit the researcher to introduce the questionnaire and also deliver the theoretical outline for the further study. Followed by the methodology which is used in the future research. Further part of the proposal there will be timeline for the task done. The questionnaire survey will be conducted in Whitireia institute, Auckland. Followed by the analysing of the data obtained from the responses with supporting conclusion and recommendation. LITERATURE REVIEW According to Campbell and Li (2007) above 85% of the students in New Zealand are from Asia. It is said that the international students do not have any issues with educational system of New Zealand. In other words, the international students are satisfied with the educational values, programs offered and educational learning support. Therefore, the only challenge for them is narration and voice which is the part of the language barrier. Language barrier and cultural difference builds the communication difficulties for most of the international student and it is challenging and creates difficulties in making domestic friends, interaction in classroom with the tutors and subordinates and many other (Campbell and Li, 2007). Due to Globalisation, English language become the important part of every international studies across the world, whether it is listening, speaking or writing. As per the researcher it is said that numerous international students from Asian countries, European or any western country deals with the serious learning and speaking difficulties due to language understanding. Therefore, it builds the lack of confidence and decrease their involvement in the classroom (Sawir, Erlenawati, 2005) Methodology After this research proposal, with the help of the quantitative method the collection and analysation of data will be proceeded. According to Creswell (2013) quantitative method is a process of analysing the data and delivering the result of the specific study. With the help of this we will analyse the language difficulties faced by international students in Whitireia Polytechnic Institute. Firstly, to proceed with this study, researcher need to provide self-done questionnaire survey, and get it approved by the tutor for conducting it the institute. In the questionnaire survey, there will be set of questions to gather specific information from the respondents (Punch, 2013). After the approval from the tutor, circulation of the questionnaire will be done to the students of the Whitireia polytechnic institute. Further, researcher will evaluate the information gathered by minimum 30 responses from the international student. The questionnaire survey will include following types of questi ons: demographic, rate the language difficulties, administration and many other. at the end, researcher will analyse the data gathered and build the recommendations. Timeline: The timeline has been built in which contain tasks related with this research proposal and represent the structure of the further study. Taking time in consideration to sum up the study, an outline was prepared which gives the brief about how the management of precise step in the project was done. Below timeline will showcase the researchers task and achieved deadline. Weeks Task Week 1 Topic selection and start the research Week 2 Writing the research proposal Week 3 Submit research proposal build questionnaire Week 4 Circulate the of questionnaire Week 5 Data analysis Week 6 Submit the research proposal Week 7 Prepare the presentation Week 8 Presentation References Punch, K. F. (2013). Introduction to social research: Quantitative and qualitative approaches. London: Sage. Creswell, J. W. (2013). Research design: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches. Sage publication. Retrieved from https://books.google.co.nz/books?hl=enlr=id=EbogAQAAQBAJoi=fndpg=PR1dq=qualitative+method+defineots=cahOvWRCC3sig=_c1n4DPyJU9HhhDd67q-xBlBUGg#v=onepageqf=false International Education Journal. (2004). Shannon Research Press. Retrieved from file:///C:/Users/takka/Downloads/6800-14971-1-PB.pdf Sawir, E. (2005, December). Language Difficulties of International Students in Australia: The Effects of Prior Learning Experience. Retrieved from Eric: https://eric.ed.gov/?id=EJ855010

The Social Lie Exposed in The Pillars of Society :: Pillars of Society Essays

The Social Lie Exposed in The Pillars of Society The disintegrating effect of the Social Lie, of Duty, as an imposition and outrage, and of the spirit of Provincialism, as a stifling factor, are brought out with dynamic force in The Pillars of Society. Consul Bernick, driven by the conception of his duty toward the House of Bernick, begins his career with a terrible lie. He sells his love for Lona Hessel in return for the large dowry of her step-sister Betty, whom he does not love. To forget his treachery, he enters into a clandestine relationship with an actress of the town. When surprised in her room by the drunken husband, young Bernick jumps out of the window, and then graciously accepts the offer of his bosom friend, Johan, to let him take the blame. Johan, together with his faithful sister Lona, leaves for America. In return for his devotion, young Bernick helps to rob his friend of his good name, by acquiescing in the rumors circulating in the town that Johan had broken into the safe of the Bernicks and stolen a large sum of money. In the opening scene of "The Pillars of Society," we find Consul Bernick at the height of his career. The richest, most powerful and respected citizen of the community, he is held up as the model of an ideal husband and devoted father. In short, a worthy pillar of society. The best ladies of the town come together in the home of the Bernicks. They represent the society for the "Lapsed and Lost," and they gather to do a little charitable sewing and a lot of charitable gossip. It is through them we learn that Dina Dorf, the ward of Bernick, is the issue of the supposed escapade of Johan and the actress. With them, giving unctuous spiritual advice and representing the purity and morality of the community, is Rector Rorlund, hidebound, self-righteous, and narrow-minded. Into this deadening atmosphere of mental and social provincialism comes Lona Hessel, refreshing and invigorating as the wind of the plains. She has returned to her native town together with Johan. The moment she enters the house of Bernick, the whole structure begins to totter. For in Lona's own words, "Fie, fie--this moral linen here smells so tainted--just like a shroud. I am accustomed to the air of the prairies now, I can tell you.

Benefits of Cloning vs. Antiquated Religious Beliefs Essay -- Argument

Benefits of Cloning vs. Antiquated Religious Beliefs   Ã‚  Ã‚   When one thinks of cloning, what comes to mind?   Movies such as "Multiplicity" can give the lay person a very distorted image of cloning.   In this particular movie, actor Michael Keaton plays a father who cannot handle his crazily busy lifestyle.   In an effort to be the perfect father, husband and employee, he has himself cloned fairly easily at a nearby medical center.   The three clones each have their own personality: one is sarcastic and bitter, one is sweet and sensitive and one is a half-wit- but all are identical.   This cloning process is completely false.   At this time, scientists have cloned animals including Rhesus monkeys, mice and probably the biggest breakthrough: sheep.   Cloning could mean hope for so many different diseases.   The advancement of cloning in a medical laboratory should be encouraged.   Cloning could save transplant candidates.   According to Larry Reibstein and Gregory Beals, companies such as Alexion Pharmaceutical are already beginning to experiment with ways to grow hearts and kidneys in pigs that will not be rejected in transplants (58).   Perhaps another reason to encourage cloning is for the treatment of spinal cord injuries.   Cloning could give hope to couples unable to have children of their own.   By advocating cloning, doctors may find a way to cure or even prevent genetic diseases.   Perhaps, though, the most important reason to advance cloning in the laboratory is to treat leukemia's and cancers.   Very possibly, through cloning and genetic engineering, the growth of poorly formed cells could be stopped immediately.      One reason to clone is hope for organ transplants.   Currently organ transplantation is considered by some to ... ...sweek.   18 May 1998. Cohen, P.   "Dolly Helps the Infertile.   World Wide Web.   AOL 19 May 1999 [www.newscientist.com] "Human Cloning." World Wide Web. AOL. 24 Apr 1999.   [www.humancloning.org/] Masci, David.   "The Cloning Controversy."   The CQ Researcher.   9 May 1997: 409-431. Mikos, Antonios G. & Mooney, David J.   "Growing New Organs." World Wide  Ã‚   Web. AOL.   17 May 1999.   [www.sciam.com/1999/0499issue/0499mooney.html] "New scientist."   World Wide Web.   AOL 25 Apr 1999. [www.newscientist.com/nsplus/insight/clone.html] Ostrander, E.   "Seattle Researchers Zero In On Location of Gene For Inherited Prostate Cancer..."   World Wide Web. AOL. 23 May 1999. "Spinal Cord Repair."   World Wide Web.   AOL. 19 May 1999. [www.sciam.com/explorations/081897spinal/zacks.html] Woodward, Kenneth L.   "Today the Sheep..."   Newsweek 10 Mar 1997: 60.

The Scopes Monkey Trial Essay -- Clarence Darrow, teaching evolution

Ever since science began to explain the previously unexplainable, it has caused conflicts with religion. The Scopes â€Å"Monkey† Trial of Dayton, Tennessee was one of the most talked about trials in history because it was one of the first and most publicized times that this conflict occurred. The trial showed the schism between the faithful fundamentalists and the newly formed group of evolutionists. Although the jury was reminded that they only had to decide if Scopes had broken the law, the verdict was seen as much more than that. For one of the first times in history, it seemed as if the jury had to choose either religion or evolution. For the time being, there could not be both. The Scopes â€Å"Monkey† Trial revealed the ongoing conflict with faith and science and set a precedent for decades of conflict to come. The â€Å"Roaring Twenties† was a time period known for its innovation. Skirts got shorter, teens got bolder, and Prohibition was in full swing. These changes also gave way to a time period full of religious conflict. â€Å"In [religious] minds, Prohibition had always been about more than alcohol. It represented an effort to defend traditional American values against the growing influence of an urban, cosmopolitan culture† (Gillon 152). Charles Darwin had published his book, The Evolution of Species, in 1859 and The Descent of Man in 1871, detailing the evolution of man from ape-like creatures. When A Civic Biology, a biology textbook containing information on evolution, was published in 1914, teachers around the country began using it in their courses. By the twenties, these books had sparked all sorts of new ideas regarding the origin of man as well as opposition due to the creature from which he claimed we evolved and to the disagr... ...: Remembering the Scopes Monkey Trial : NPR." NPR : National Public Radio : News & Analysis, World, US, Music & Arts : NPR. Web. 20 May 2010. . France, Mary. ""A Year of Monkey War": The Anti-Evolution Campaign and the Florida Legislature." The Florida Historical Quarterly 54.2 (1975): 156-77. JSTOR. Web. 19 May 2010. Gillon, Steven M. "Scopes: The Battle Over America's Soul." Ten Days That Unexpectedly Changed America. New York: Three Rivers, 2006. Print. Scopes, John. "Reflections on the Scopes Trial by John Thomas Scopes." UMKC School of Law. Web. 19 May 2010. . "The Scopes Trial: Clarence Darrow." UMKC School of Law. Web. 20 May 2010. .

Communication and Children

Promote children's speech language and communication Speech, language and communication are closely tied to other aspects of development. You should know what Is meant for each term. Communication Communication Is about how you send out signals to people. Communication can be seen as a umbrella term as it's all about the way you use language and speech as your facial expressions, body language and your gestures. Language Language is specific, it is a set of symbols its either spoken, written or signed, this means that it can be used and understood between people.Language can be very abstracted and we often forget this, when children are learning the sound of C-A-T the speaker is making the word can and is referring to the cat even if there is not a cat in the room. Linguists suggest that the main feature of a language is series of rules that people have to understand and use. Once it Is mastered you should allow the user to convey anything they wish. First of all the children will no t be able to use the rules, toddlers will begin by Just pointing at objects and only using one word. After a while they will learn how to construct sentences. SpeechSpeech Is vocalists language it Is normally learnt before the written form of language, in speech the symbols are not signed or written. But it is spoken as sounds. The number of sounds that children needs to master will depend on the language that they have or are being exposed to. English has more than 40 different sounds. Listening Listening is about being able to hear and more importantly understand the speech of others. Its sometimes referred as receptive speech. Babies begin the Journey of learning to speak by gaining receptive speech, and get them to learn the specific words and phrase and what they mean.This Is a referral to any difficulty that an children has In any three areas. Some children have a difficulty in producing certain sounds so they will have a difficulty with speech. If a child does not have make e ye contact this may mean that they have more global communication need.. As soon as a baby is born they begin to learn how to communicate. At first they will cry and learn that their cries will be understood or will be responded to by a adult. Babies cries change depending on what they need. Soon when you work this out and learn whether the baby is tired, bored or just hungry.Babies learn to study faces the tone of your voice and the body language, they will soon begin to respond to this their selves. Babies will cry if they hear a angry tone or if a adult smiles at them then they will smile back. By the age of one they babies should be skilled at communicating because they are able to point at things that they are interested in, they will turn their heads away to show that they are not hungry anymore. The babies will also recognize when the adult Is happy. Not Just are babies learning about the skills of communication they are also learning about the language, usually In spoken for m.Being able to communicate and be able to use and understand speech will mean it Cognition covers is a multitude of different tasks, it is mainly about our ability to process and use information that we have gained. An example is a child may see leaves fall of the tree and get told this is because its autumn. The child may see more leaves falling off and remember and make a connection with what she seen earlier with the leaves and what she is seeing now. She may remember what the adult told her about autumn and may say to another adult look leaves are falling is it because its autumn?.She will say it proudly because she has remembered. When she is at home having tea with her mum she may say that the park leaves are falling of the trees because it is autumn. This illustrates the way in which learning takes place, the child has remembered what they seen earlier and connecting to what they are hearing or seeing then come to the conclusion. The ability of the child that has labeled it as autumn will help her a lot. She is likely to notice falling leaves and making the association over and over again.She will also talk and think about autumn without thinking about the park. We can now begin to understand the limitations of body language, gesture and facial expressions when there is no language available. Even though they allow instant communication this does not help the child to understand what is being seen or provide a way in which afterwards the child can communicate what she has seen. This means that children that has basic communication skills of facial expressions gestures and body language, they find it difficult to communicate the concept.Emotional development Being able to control your own emotions is a major part of emotional development, babies and toddlers struggle with this. But as language develops they find it easier as they can express their needs, is a child has a tantrum or an outburst it is due the child being frustrated, angry or Jealousy. The y tend to b dismissed as the child learns to find a way to talk through the way they are feeling. This is why it seems to be a good thing to name the emotions, when you are working with young children. His is so they can begin to understand what the child is feeling and have the ways of expressing it other than Just physical reactions alone. Behavior Being able to manage your own behavior is all about self-control, young children are impulsive and they find it hard to control their behavior as soon as language is mastered children's behavior changes. It seems like the acquisition of language it helps children to think things over. The children will focus on the consequences of their actions, they will begin to remind themselves of what they need to do or what they should not do.The start of this progress is when a toddler goes up to something that have been told not to go near and they point to that object and say no. Social Development Emotional development is linked as being able to control your emotions. Social development builds on your emotional development. This means you need to be able to recognize this in others and being able to learn how to adjust your behavior correctly and appropriately. This means that having good communication skills and good language skills is very important. Children need to read peoples body language and facial expressions of others so they can respond correctly.Play is the main medium of solicitation with other children. Language skills become important from the age of three years old. , children tend to speak about what they are doing or when hillier have difficulties, there are likely to have many effects on their development even though the extent to which children get effected it will very depending on the nature of the difficulty. It is severity, its also how the child is supported. Some term effects on development 1. Difficulties in making friends 2. Anger 3. Low levels of confidence 4. Difficulties in learning new inf ormation 5.Find it hard to make themselves understood 6. Frustration 7. Difficulties in applying formation to new situations 8. Withdrawn These are some general terms as there is a massive different between a child that as a slight speech impairment and can use some language to a child that is not using language or understanding any language. The long term development consequences in children who have difficulties with their communication, language and speech are sometimes harder to predict but in general terms you might find that children later on may have the following 1.Not achieve their potential 2. Lower self-esteem 3. Become isolated 4. Find it hard to make and maintain relationships 5. Developed antisocial behavior in some cases 6. Not reach independence Children who have learning difficulties with their speech and communication skills hey may have a big disadvantage when it comes to their overall development and it may even effect their life outcome. A lot of babies and todd lers attempt to communicate using their body language or by vocalist sounds or words.It is important that adults know the acknowledge of these communications as well as looking for ways to support children to make the progress there are many ways that we can do this. Words and level of language One of the skills you need to acquire when prompting children's language is to work out the level of language that we need to use with children and find the style of engage that we need to adopt, babies need use to use an exaggerated facial expression and to point to objects that your talking about so they can work out what you mean.Linguists has found that adults seem to be able to change the structure of their language automatically, when they are working with babies in order to simplify it. This is practically important because babes can focus on the key words in a sentence and begin to associate the words with a meaning. The word â€Å"parents† is used to describe the style that ad ults adopt when working with babies and toddlers. With children who are older and is developing their language, our style needs need to change again, instead of you simplifying our language, you may set out to enrich it so that a four year old can develop their vocabulary.Questions By using questions it is a important part in stimulating and extending the children's speech, they can show children that you are interested in what they are doing or response and is important to be aware of different styles. Rhetorical Questions A rhetorical question is not really a question because the speaker tends to answer them their selves. This type of question is very useful when you are working with babies and toddlers, as it helps the adult sustain commentary while they are busy with the child who may not be able to say much.Rhetorical questions an make the baby and toddler feel involved as long as the adult uses eye contact whilst you are talking to them. The commentary style is one that is ver y useful as it is allowing the babies and toddlers to hear language even though the commentary must be directed at them, using rhetorical questions with a child that already has language does not work because they see a opportunity to answer the question. Closed questions By using closed questions it prompts short answers.A example is â€Å"Did you enjoy that† they are useful to engage the child, we often need them when your working with babies and very young children that can use one word answers gestures or body language. For children that have limited language its important to extend the conversation from a closed question. Closed questions can also be safe for children who are anxious or a child that does not know you. This should be seen as a starting point in a conversation. With older children the amount of closed questions should be monitored as they do not extend language. It can prevent the child getting a chance to be able to express themselves.Open questions By us ing open questions it means that your prompting for a longer answer and to help children to think. Open questions work well when that child feels comfortable with the adult as well as when they have significant language so they are able to communicate. Using questions Its often suggested that closed questions are bad and that open questions are good. The reality is more complex as the use of questions really depends on the level of language that child has also how comfortable the child feels. Many skilled immunization will switch to open questions and closed questions.The thing that distinguishes the use of questions is generally interested in what the child is saying to you. Poor communicators ask questions without really wanting to know the child's answer. This means that using ascertain a chills acknowledge. Conversations/ interactions When you look at language and the way it is used in settings and used in the children's homes it becomes clear that some adults language is used t o organize children. This type of language is essential but it is not useful when you are trying to extend and develop the children's language.For this to be able to happen the children need to be able to have time to talk and interact with an adult. Interactions with babies and toddlers For babies and toddlers early interaction is often quiet play. With a baby you may play peep and with a toddler they may give you a toy and you say thank you to them and then they take it away from you. This early interaction may not seem important but it is essential for the babies and toddlers as they are learning early skills of fun whilst they are communicating. They will also learn about turn taking eye contact and interpreting expressions.Other interactions may also include songs. Babies and toddlers also need to hear a running commentary as if the child can answer the Children that has speech needs to have time where they can talk to the adults. You should note that the children likes to be d oing something or has got something to show the adults for this to be able to take place. This is often when the adults takes time to show the children that they are available or goes and sit down. Good communication does not work when the adult is moving about and does not have good eye contact with the person who is talking to you. Information and activitiesChildren and adults need to have something to say to each other, this means that a lot of settings will work on children's language by planning activities, or they may have books that will help prompt children's speech. With babies and toddlers this could mean too have to put out an experience such as teddies and toys in a basket that has a lid on. With older children you can have a variety of activities thou can use to stimulate children's language. It is always important that you build on the child's existing interests as well as being able to provide new things for the children. Working with parents/ careersA lot of parents and careers under mind the value of or their role in prompting children's speech and extending their speech. They are more likely to only have 15 minutes a day which they are able to chat to their child without any interruption. This could be when you are walking home or at bath time. As parents have a strong relationship with their child they are able to tune in to them and adapt their language. This means that parents does have the potential to be a good language partner for their child. Many settings provide sessions for parents to learn about the importance of their role and build up their confidence.When a child has a specific speech and language need both parents and the setting needs to work together WI the speech and language therapist. Positive effects of adult support When adult support provided for children there is many positive effects. Some of the positive effects is the following: 1 . Speech, language and communication skills 2. Emotional development 3. Behavior 4. So cial interaction Speech, language and communication skills If a high quality of support is given children can show progress in their speech, language and communication skills.This means working with children can be really rewarding and parents are often delighted in the improvements that children are showing. Social interaction The heart of social interaction is children's ability to communicate. This means that positive support can quickly make the child more outgoing and confident in their interactions. A lot of practitioners report that once children have more speech and language the children are able to play easily with other children. Behavior Many children that are finding it hard to communicate or speak will show aggression. They may also be showing a sign of uncooperative or frustrated behavior.Being able to communicate effectively can make a massive difference to children's behavior. Parents will also note that when they are spending more time communicating with their child that child wills show less attention seeking behavior. Emotional development does the children become more confident, they also will be able to find words to be able to control their emotions and express their needs. Children of the same age will often have different levels of language. This will mean that you need to identify the children that has atypical language in order for them to get the support that they need.But you also need to think out how practices and procedures support the children. Settling in For children that does not have speaking language for a reason like age or because they have a additional need its very essential that they get to know the key person before any separation is taken. The key person needs to find out from that child's parents how to communicate with that child and learn the skills they use. With the children that are speaking well and can understand us will still need a similar level of care and attention, but they may find it easier to settle i n as they can express their needs and their feelings.Grouping children A lot of settings may have moments when they need to put children in to groups like when you go for lunch or when they are going for a story. It is important that you give a lot of thought in to this as children that has language needs have been grouped sensitively and carefully so they have get the opportunity to interact and get involved. Activities When activities and play opportunities are planned children's level of language needs to be considered as certain activities are required to have a higher level of language and this mean it may not be appropriate for a child who is still developing engage.Language is needed for role play and it is important to think about if the child wants to Join in with role play and needs to have support. The ability to process language will mean that some activities that require children to listen needs to be carefully thought about if there are no visual stimuli which will hel p the children work things out. Methods of providing support A starting point to be able to support the children with language problems is to consider the age of that child, the child's current level of language and what they are interested in. You should also find out the child's specific needs. AgeThe child's age needs to be considered in relation to the way we work with children. Babies and toddlers is emerging their language and we rely our gestures facial expressions and body language to help them to understand. In a way they need to use these communication tools, we also need to learn how to interrupt them correctly. By the age of three children will have developed sufficient language to be able to form sentences so our style of language will need to change again. Specific needs Its very important that when working with children you know what their milestones are in relation to the child that you are working with.This is because each child needs to be identified quickly so the y can gain the support that is necessary. Sometimes a speech and language therapist will be involved and be able to give us specific suggestions as to what kind of type of work that the child needs. Children with cognitive needs alongside language needs will also may need to use Megaton. Megaton is signs that create the visual cues to help them to understand the meaning. Abilities children has language delays, but some children does not have any delays and gets on with language with flying colors, they are hungry for attention and to get language opportunities.You need to think about how challenging the activities are and think about the language opportunities are such as stories. For other children they might like one thing like a train set, so you may sit with the child and make the sounds to encourage visitation. Home language These days children learn English as well as their home language, being able to learn more than one language at an early age is a good opportunity, its ver y important that you don't make the parents of children feel like there is a problem with that. You need to find out how much English the child has and find out how strong the chills mom language is.It is important that you find out how the parents use their home language, as some parents may choose to only use their home language to their children but other parents may decide to split up their language by using more than one language. Some parents may slide between two languages. If you have a child that comes in to your setting no using any English you need to be aware that the emotional impact may be hard as they don't use English. This is why a key person system is important, as it is a way which we can reassure the child, for children that isn't have English the progress they need is to acquire English and this can be very quick.This is why it is not a problem if the parents only speak their home language. Linguists takes the view that many ways this is desirable so that the ch ild can gain competence in both languages. When children are not making progress in either their home language or English then it is worth talking to the parents and make it clear that some distinctions in their language use so that babies and young children can work out the sounds and words and which belongs to what language. Its important to remember that children that are learning more than one language are prone to have hearing loss, sight problems and communication difficulties.It is important if they are not making progress to explore these possibilities. Gaps in vocabulary When your working with children that has two language it is important that you are aware they may have specific gapes in their vocabulary. This is because most language is learnt in context. This means that some objects or activities means different things in their home language and in the setting its different as its in English. So this may mean that children may not know some of the common household items in English like tea towel or pillow this means they may not be able to talk about what they have done in the setting to their parents.They may not have the word sand in their home language its very important that you are aware of these gaps and plan activities accordingly. Adapting own language It is important to adapt our style and language to be able to suit the needs of the children. For children with English with a additional need you may need to use more facial expression or point to objects. You might have to simplify your sentences like oh do when you work with babies and thus style will allow to break in to the meaning of the word.Scaffolding children's language Children needs to hear phrases and words before they can use them. By scaffolding children's language it involves talking to children in ways that will be able to help essential for this as As they are likely to spend more time with the child, the can also develop language routines for that child. Recasting and expa nding statements As a part of scaffolding children's language adults should know the acknowledge of children's vacillations or the attempts of communication and should recast the entente.So that the sentence is grammatically correct, or you can expand the sentence so that the child is hearing a fuller sentence because vocabulary are learnt in context by expanding the sentence from a child means that they can learn more. Giving children time to communicate A lot of adults forget that children needs to have time to be able to process what they have been told and visual the clues in the room before they are able to respond to a communication, one of the common mistake that a adult does is fill up the gaps immediately assuming that the child has not understood or can't think of anything to say.This means that reviewing our own language practice is worth thinking about how much time we are giving children in order so they can communicate with us. It is important that you give time to chi ldren who are learning English as they already have another language. They might know what they want to say but they may not be able to say it and need a moment to put it together. Many babies and toddlers process things a few hours after, this may mean when you took him/her to the pond to feed the ducks they was not very responsive but later on when they look at the photos they get very excited and try to talk about the duck.This is why it is useful to repeat activities that children have enjoyed. This is why having photographs and video clips can help the children to interact. Facilitating communication between children Children's social skills and language are connected, sometimes the role of the adult is to help the children to connect with each other so they can communicate. One way to do this is to set up some simple activities that is pleasurable for the children. Having a game that you need to have children to be paired up can work well as it can encourage them to listen to each other and enjoy being with each other.When irking with large groups it has to be organized carefully as children that has strong language skills will find it hard not to shout out. It can be hard for young children to wait and some people will argue it is unfair that they have to wait. Children who has a stutter can feel under pressure if you have told the other child to be quiet so they can listen to the child. This can sometimes make their stutter or stammer worse. Learning through play Play is Just not a medium for learning physical and social skills it is also used for language.A key skill for adults to master this is by playing with the children in ways f which the children have their own ownership of it. Role play is normally used on older children to be able to get them to develop their sentences and vocabulary, with baby's language can be learnt through peep. Play is a very good vehicle for language, its important that the materials you use and resources that are availa ble for children are interesting and satisfying. Many practitioners look for new ways of introducing new materials or the props in to children's play as it will give children something to talk about.Working with parents, careers and families Parents need to be involved with supporting their children's language as they are o one time with them parents sometimes will need support to know how to maximize the language opportunities and so some settings put workshops on where parents and children can come to play and learn together. These workshops can give parents more confidence as well as more understanding of the importance of their role in promoting their children's language. Interests of children Children tend to talk more about things that excite them or what they are interested in. His means that adults are needing to be flexible when working with children and be ready to talk and explore the things the children have noticed or that are interested in. A Autumn walk what the pract itioner was hoping to talk about the different types of leaves and the children may have found a pine cone and have to talk about them instead. Day to day activities Sometimes it is easy to forget that everyday routine activities can be fascinating for children when adults allow them to be properly involved. This may mean that you need to allow more time to value those moments in the day instead of Just trying to get through them.Tidying up can either be a quick routine task. In which children will say hardly anything at all. When tidying up the adult and children can have a DOD conversation about where things go, and what toys they don't play with or the ones that does get played with and travels around the setting. In some settings they organize the packing up so that the key person can work with the child. Some potential activities that can extend the children's language are the following 1. Dressing 2. Lunch time 3. Tidying up 4. Choosing stories for story time 5. Getting ready to go home 6.Nappy changing and other personal care routines 7. Snack time 8. Setting activities out Working with children one to one Children's language Scan improve a lot when they spend time in the company of insensitive adults who are able to respond to them carefully, the term language partner is use on this respect. A language partner is good at picking up an individual child's interest and are ready to allow conversation to be able to follow the child's interest. Chatting with children when they are doing a activity is important, by Just sitting the child down to talk to can make them very unnatural and forced.One to one is very valuable, because then the child can talk a their own pace, and does not have to compete with others. One to one works in the EYES settings, the settings would be carried out by that child's key person. As this is a way of strengthening the relationship, as well as the child should have a existing bond with their key person. Working with groups When w orking with a group of children it can be a Juggling act because children's language levels are often different this means that they process things at different speeds, it also means that the may process what they have been told in a slightly different way.By organizing a trip to the shop with the children, the children may see another child may see it as seeing a yellow car and another child may see it as seeing post box. If you have a too may children In a group or if the activity your doing is not developmentally appropriate then you may see that the children start to close down, so the opportunity of speech rather than the opportunity for them to open up. They may resort to closed questions, so they can Just answer with one word. This can mean that some children will miss out as they don't get the opportunity to hear or speak full sentences.You can make sure that the group is developmentally appropriate such as three year olds are best in a group of three or four when only elder children can be put in a group with eight, children that are under the age of three does not tend to be able to do group work as easy and find that they will walk away or start to wiggle. Evaluating practice Three are many ways in which you can evaluate your practice with the children, first you may be able to record yourself working with the children, this will help you look at the tone of voice you are using and how much time you give them to respond.. N addition we may follow the children's progress and see where you have given them extra support. By recording the children with a MPH player it can you a baseline assessment of what the child can do, then record them again to see if they have made any progress. You also need to learn how to reflect on the way you work with individual children some children enjoy puppies or talking whilst cooking byte some children talk better when they are playing and you Join in the game.This means that to be able to work effectively with differe nt children you need to be able to reflect on their reactions and adapt effectively. The importance of the environment Its important that not only we work effectively in the trees of our skills with children, UT also the physical environment includes play and activities so it creates opportunities for language. Children and adults need to have something that's worthwhile to be able to talk, environment's that are boring or activities that are unchallenged may result in minimal language use.But having settings that are loud and chaotic also does not help in proving support for reactions for interaction between children and adults. As children may not be able to focus or be able to make themselves be heard. Adults may become distracted if they can see mayhem is being caused on the other side of the room. This can prevent sustained interaction. You should provide environment's inside and out that works well in terms of communication and meet the range of children's developmental needs. You should also thing about activities and resources that are available for the children. These activities should interact because they are challenging and interesting for them. Factors that support an effective speech language and communication environment 1. Views of children 2. Activities 3. Specific toys and resources 4. Staff roles and responsibilities 5. Physical environment 6. Training needs and opportunities 7. Involvement of parents, careers and families Physical environment