FINANCIAL MARKETS AND MONETARY POLICY Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words - 1

Money related MARKETS AND MONETARY POLICY - Essay Example From that point forward it has been differing throughout the years where the current name ‘official bank rate’ was started in 2006 supplanting the previous ‘Repo Rate’ that existed till 1997. The pace of premium is imposed by the nation’s national bank or the Federal bank on loaning or advances to manage the flexibly of cash in the financial division and generally speaking economy. This is basically led on a quarterly term to direct the expansion rate and fortify the nation’s paces of trade. Any deviation in the bank rates invigorates a wave sway as it influences each division of the economy. For instance, the stock costs in the trade advertise appear to react to the adjustments in the loan fees. A variety in the bank rates affects the clients as it influences the prime paces of premiums for singular advances. The Bank rate is the rate at which the Bank of England provides for the business bank for the additional stores being guarded in authori ty of the Central Bank (Ciro, 2012, p. 122). Customarily, the treasury decides the paces of premiums. In any case, upon the changes that happened in 1992, the approach producers sorted out a few gatherings and minutes were distributed, yet they were not self-sufficient of the state which came about into an observation that political powers were eclipsing what was specified to be financial choices on the money related strategy. In 1997 there was operational responsibility to decide the loan costs which was conceded to the self-governing Bank of England by Gordon Brown-the Chancellor of Exchequer. A few standards were set for the foundation of the Monetary Policy Committee (MPC) that was ordered in the Bank of England Act 1998 (OECD, 2009, p. 31). The Act likewise illuminated the responsibility of the MPC: this incorporate; meeting on month to month premise, the participation comprises of the senator, two representative governors, two official chiefs of the bank

Essay on the Gay as a Literary Figure in The Picture of Dorian Gray

The Gay as a Literary Figure in The Picture of Dorian Grayâ â â â â â â Â â This paper will investigate the gay as a scholarly figure dependent on Oscar Wilde's The Picture of Dorian Gray. The point of the article is triple. Right off the bat, to show how the gay is identified with two of the most strong model pictures: those of Dionysos and Apollo. Furthermore, to show that the Wildean gay is significantly scared of life, and that his enthusiasm for structure and stylish extent lays on a rule of avoidance. Thirdly, to fight that the funniness in this novel, and by expansion additionally in Wilde's plays, is a side effect of the creator's interest with an original gay. The Picture of Dorian Gray spins around Dorian's double nature. From one viewpoint, he is the youthful legend whose undertakings the novel records; on the other, he is a painted picture of phenomenal individual magnificence. When Lord Henry reveals to him that his excellent looks won't last, the youngster asks that he be permitted to stay as he is in Basil's representation of him. Dorian needs to make the most of his childhood for ever. His frantic wish is a key to the original variables which... ... inebriation and Apollonian structure; of Dionysian association and Apollonian inaccessibility. He can appreciate the Dionysian joys to which he needs to desert himself, yet at an Apollonian separation. Works Cited Wilde, Oscar. The Picture of Dorian Gray. Ed. Isobel Murray. London: Oxford University Press, 1974. Wilde, Oscar. The Letters of Oscar Wilde. Ed. R. Hart-Davis. London: Hart-Davis, 1962. Jung, C.G. The Collected Works. Ed. Sir Herbert Read and so forth. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1953-1976. Vol. 9.ii; standard. 73. Additionally CW 11.283. Â

And Im leaving, on a . . . cruise ship

And I’m leaving, on a . . . cruise ship Melis just blogged about Senior Ball so I figured that itd be a good time to blog about a nice little semi-formal event that wasnt just for seniors. Also, be warned that another installment of this entry may crop up because JKim was around for this too. Burton-Conner had a dinner cruise tonight where we were wined (21+) and dined (everybody!), danced, and generally enjoyed each others company. Before the buses left for the dock you could see long lines of nicely dressed Burton-Conner residents walking down dorm row, obviously heading somewhere exciting. As you may or may not know, dances are not my scene. One of the stereotypes at MIT is that we are nerds that are totally socially inept and get all flustered, panicked, and uncomfortable at dances. This stereotype is widely disproven by many students at MIT. . . not by me. However, since it was a dorm trip, free, and a bunch of friends were going, I decided that I could suck it up, step out of my comfort zone, go, and god forbid maybe have a good time. We arrived at the dock and waited around for a bit before actually getting onto the ship. This is when Jared 10 and Yuki 11 thought it would be a great idea to swap jackets. While the black jacket with blue shirt looks fine on Jared (although a bit big), Yukis outfit was an assault on my eyes. Red shirt, purple tie, black pants, blue jacket, and blue (different shade!) beanie. Laughs were had, pictures were taken, and eventually they adjusted their wardrobes so as to prevent me from sobbing (look, sitting in a room with my mother while she watches a cocktail of What Not to Wear, E!, Americas Next Top Model, and Entertainment Tonight has taught me to appreciate color pairing and fashion. This is atypical for a guy, I have a skill that many males lack). Soon we were aboard the ship and putt-putt-putted away from the dock. A bunch of us went to the upper deck to enjoy the view, weather, and more photo opportunities. I tried to take a picture of (from left) Cathy 10, Wesley 10, and Mason 10 but Sauza 11 decided to intervene and provide one of the best pictures of the night. Next, for the group shot, the obligatory handing out of cameras happened. Let me explain this to you. If you are going to be in a group shot and want the picture you have to hand your camera to somebody so that they can take the picture. After the shot you walk over and retrieve your camera. This normally works quite well, as evidenced by the group shot photo that is now in my possession. There are only two issues with this picture. The first is that because of the angle you cant see me. I promise Im there. See the guy on the far right? Does his face look a little long? Thats because a sliver of my face appears to be molded into his. Awesome. The second issue is that after the picture was taken my camera disappeared. This makes camera retrieval difficult. I wandered around the upper deck looking for my camera when I finally spotted it. I commenced with the camera retrieval segment of the group shot and flipped on my camera to see how it had turned out. Instead of seeing the wonderful picture you just saw, I saw this: Interesting. Not only had my camera been hijacked but it had also been used to take random pictures. I perused them. I felt a bit like Ashton Kutcher in his new commercial for Axe, except that instead of hot girls running round with my camera taking pictures of other hot girls I ended up with pictures of sailors. : ( Then, the sunset. This was one of the big motivations for coming on the cruise (other than food). The sunset was awesome, especially from the deck of a cruise ship. Finally it was time for some dancing. Thats right I danced. I dont dance. I danced. Rick 09 also danced, as evidenced by . . . He even helped Wesley dance. After mucho dancing, much eating, and mucho view-enjoying our three hour cruise was over and it was time to head back to the dorm. Everybody stripped out of their fancy clothes (replacing them with comfy clothes) and the majority of Conner 2 settled in to enjoy some good ol fashioned Mario Kart Wii. Now, after a thrilling day of homework, cruising, and racing, its time for bed, so I bid you adieu and wish you goodnight.

And Im leaving, on a . . . cruise ship

And I’m leaving, on a . . . cruise ship Melis just blogged about Senior Ball so I figured that itd be a good time to blog about a nice little semi-formal event that wasnt just for seniors. Also, be warned that another installment of this entry may crop up because JKim was around for this too. Burton-Conner had a dinner cruise tonight where we were wined (21+) and dined (everybody!), danced, and generally enjoyed each others company. Before the buses left for the dock you could see long lines of nicely dressed Burton-Conner residents walking down dorm row, obviously heading somewhere exciting. As you may or may not know, dances are not my scene. One of the stereotypes at MIT is that we are nerds that are totally socially inept and get all flustered, panicked, and uncomfortable at dances. This stereotype is widely disproven by many students at MIT. . . not by me. However, since it was a dorm trip, free, and a bunch of friends were going, I decided that I could suck it up, step out of my comfort zone, go, and god forbid maybe have a good time. We arrived at the dock and waited around for a bit before actually getting onto the ship. This is when Jared 10 and Yuki 11 thought it would be a great idea to swap jackets. While the black jacket with blue shirt looks fine on Jared (although a bit big), Yukis outfit was an assault on my eyes. Red shirt, purple tie, black pants, blue jacket, and blue (different shade!) beanie. Laughs were had, pictures were taken, and eventually they adjusted their wardrobes so as to prevent me from sobbing (look, sitting in a room with my mother while she watches a cocktail of What Not to Wear, E!, Americas Next Top Model, and Entertainment Tonight has taught me to appreciate color pairing and fashion. This is atypical for a guy, I have a skill that many males lack). Soon we were aboard the ship and putt-putt-putted away from the dock. A bunch of us went to the upper deck to enjoy the view, weather, and more photo opportunities. I tried to take a picture of (from left) Cathy 10, Wesley 10, and Mason 10 but Sauza 11 decided to intervene and provide one of the best pictures of the night. Next, for the group shot, the obligatory handing out of cameras happened. Let me explain this to you. If you are going to be in a group shot and want the picture you have to hand your camera to somebody so that they can take the picture. After the shot you walk over and retrieve your camera. This normally works quite well, as evidenced by the group shot photo that is now in my possession. There are only two issues with this picture. The first is that because of the angle you cant see me. I promise Im there. See the guy on the far right? Does his face look a little long? Thats because a sliver of my face appears to be molded into his. Awesome. The second issue is that after the picture was taken my camera disappeared. This makes camera retrieval difficult. I wandered around the upper deck looking for my camera when I finally spotted it. I commenced with the camera retrieval segment of the group shot and flipped on my camera to see how it had turned out. Instead of seeing the wonderful picture you just saw, I saw this: Interesting. Not only had my camera been hijacked but it had also been used to take random pictures. I perused them. I felt a bit like Ashton Kutcher in his new commercial for Axe, except that instead of hot girls running round with my camera taking pictures of other hot girls I ended up with pictures of sailors. : ( Then, the sunset. This was one of the big motivations for coming on the cruise (other than food). The sunset was awesome, especially from the deck of a cruise ship. Finally it was time for some dancing. Thats right I danced. I dont dance. I danced. Rick 09 also danced, as evidenced by . . . He even helped Wesley dance. After mucho dancing, much eating, and mucho view-enjoying our three hour cruise was over and it was time to head back to the dorm. Everybody stripped out of their fancy clothes (replacing them with comfy clothes) and the majority of Conner 2 settled in to enjoy some good ol fashioned Mario Kart Wii. Now, after a thrilling day of homework, cruising, and racing, its time for bed, so I bid you adieu and wish you goodnight.

The Problem Of Sex Trafficking - 1622 Words

Part Three: A Solution Analysis to End the Demand In order to decrease the demand for sex trafficking, knowledge of the sources that create it and the factors that perpetuate it is critical. Regardless, if this knowledge is not implemented into interventions that heal the damage sex trafficking creates or, better yet, prevents it from occurring in the first place, it is essentially useless. Opinions on how to stop sex trafficking in general are varied, and suggested solutions on how to stop the demand are no exception. One approach that has been discussed is education and public outreach. One thing that was made apparent throughout the semester in this class was that sex trafficking is a little-understood topic, and interest in it is still gathering. As a result, not only is the current information on sex trafficking insufficient, but the general public understands very little about it. Some people are not even aware it exists. This allows the issue to perpetuate because men purchase services from prostitutes under the assumption th ey are willingly choosing that profession. Hollywood glamorizes prostitution through movies such as Pretty Woman, and while most people understand prostitution is not someone s first career choice, the idea that someone could be forced into doing it usually does not cross the mind of customers. In his class presentation, Detective Miraglia stated that when women shared their stories of forced prostitution with potential customers, about half ofShow MoreRelatedThe Problem Of Sex Trafficking1684 Words   |  7 PagesThe Solution to Human Trafficking is Just As Difficult As the Problem Sex Trafficking is a global phenomenon defined most often as the trade in women and children using force, fraud or coercion to cause a commercial sex act. Prostitution, pornography and sexual performance that is committed in exchange for money, drugs, shelter, food or clothes is defined as a commercial sex act. Sex Trafficking has a firm grip as a multi-million dollar production, recently skyrocketing with the modern era of technologyRead MoreThe Problem Of Child Sex Trafficking1199 Words   |  5 PagesChild Sex Trafficking Have you ever walked into Wal-Mart and taken the time to look at the numerous pictures of missing youth that is plastered on the wall? When looking at how long they have been missing, it ranges anywhere from months to years. Looking at their age, both boys and girls, it is hard not to wonder if these kids are being trafficked. Child sex trafficking, also known as human trafficking, is a major issue that is not only plaguing the United States, but the world. ResidingRead MoreThe Problem Of Child Sex Trafficking1746 Words   |  7 PagesChild sex trafficking is an international threat to the happiness of children everywhere. Children are our hope. They are the inspiration for a lot of the humanitarian work in which many people around the world are involved. Threats to the well-being of children are numerous. In addition to many living in less than stable familial environments, children today are continually forced to face the effects of a conflict filled society, regardless of their country of origin. Creating an environment thatRead MoreSex Trafficking Is A Serious Problem1334 Words   |  6 Pagesdark, sex trafficking is a serious problem within our district that often goes unnoticed and ignored. Lurking underneath the mask of common businesses or seemingly normal neighbors, sex trafficking is prevalent not only throughout the world, but in our very own communities. Just months ago in May, Galveston County residents were shocked to hear that four Galveston men were charged with federal charges for their alleged involvement for conspiring to recruit, entice, and harbor minors for sex traffickingRead MoreSex Trafficking Is A Major Problem Essay1755 Words   |  8 PagesSex Trafficking Sex trafficking is a major problem in the world today and the only way to truly combat it is by raising awareness through the media. I say the media because it is the most effective tool to reach out to world’s largest audience. Although one person has the ability to change the world, it is not enough to change the process of sex trafficking. If everyone right now was able to view real, in depth information on sex trafficking, the problem would not go unnoticed. However, the thoughtRead MoreHuman Trafficking Problem: The Sex Slave Industry Essay1681 Words   |  7 Pagesspecies, or so we’d like to think. This leads me to reflect on a rarely mentioned subject, the sex trade proving once again that man sees vulnerability as an advantage; an easy opportunity to make money. Statistics published in the Sex Slaves article, indicate a substantial growth of trafficked victims worldwide. As many as 600,000 to 800,000 people are trafficked across international borders each yea r. The sex trade refers to the illegal selling and buying of human beings who are then either sexuallyRead MoreThe Effects Of Sex Industry On South Africa s Human Trafficking Problem883 Words   |  4 Pages Commoditizing sex is not a novel concept, it has been around for much of our history, and yet there is much more talk of the sex industry in modern society than it has been in the past. Part of the reason for this has been the oversexualization of Hollywood and the belief that fame is a commodity. Even fleeting fame is idolized, and people ignore the means of achieving fame at the prospect of earning those alluring so-called â€Å"fifteen minutes of fame†. The film Hot Girls Wanted exemplifies thisRead MorePersuasive Essay On Sex Trafficking1094 Words   |  5 PagesSex trafficking is becoming more and more of a problem as time moves on. Sex trafficking is the recruitment, harbouring, transportation, provision, or obtaining of a person for the purpose of a commercial sex act, in which the commercial sex act is induced by force, fraud, or coercion [Internet Safety 101]. Sex trafficking is increasing due to the evolution of modern day social services and sources. From safety sources, it is the 2nd fastest growing criminal industry [Internet Safety 101]. More andRead MoreProstitution Prevention And Prevention Act1560 Words   |  7 Pageshe perpetuation of human sex trafficking and the rising numbers of trafficked victims is also linked to Thailand’s weak government. The combination of widespread corruption among government officials and the lack of enforcement of laws concerning the Thai sex industry has lead to the prominence of human sex trafficking. The 1996 Prostitution Prevention and Prevention Act was implemented to punish pimps, procurers, brothel owners and customers, however; this law and many others designed to protectRead MoreSex Trafficking : A Modern Day1360 Words   |  6 Pages In current day and age, sex trafficking is referred to as â€Å"modern-day† slavery, where sex is sold through the use of forcible behavior, and the victim is coerced by those running the deals. According to the Trafficking Victims Protection Act of 2000, the term sex trafficking is defined as, â€Å"the recruitment, harboring, transportation, provision, or obtaining of a person for the purposes of a commercial sex act, in which the commercial sex act is induced by force, fraud, or coercion

Random Drug Testing vs Employees Privacy Rights Essay

A. Court Cases Affecting Privacy of Employees and Drug Testing in the Workplace 1. Supreme Court cases affirming drug testing a. Skinner v. Railway Labor Executives Association 109 S.Ct 1402(1989) b. National Treasury Employees Union v. Von Raab, 109 S.Ct. 1384 (1989) 2. Other lower court and State court rulings a. Kraslawsky v. Upper Deck 56 Cal.App.4th 179, 66 Cal Rptr.2d.297(CA 4, 1997) b. Pettus v. DuPont, 49 Cal.App.4th402, 57 Cal.Rptr.2d 46 (1997) 3. Supreme Court cases dealing with Privacy in general a. Griswold v. Connecticut381 U.S. 479, dealing with individual rights to privacy B. How Do You Define Drugs? 1. Just Illegal Drugs on the Street? 2. Alcohol can be abused to? C. What is Reasonable Suspicion?†¦show more content†¦The act provided that programs had to be legal and be communicated to the employee. Discipline was left up to the employers discretion. If the employee was found guilty of criminal sanctions, the employer must administer some type of employment sanctions towards the individual also. Most of the programs were and are focused on rehabilitation and recycling of the employee back into the work environment. Privacy was extremely important with this act. It was important that the employer only used drug testing for pre-employment and not as an on going harassment of the employees if they were not found to be abusers. A number of legal definitions of privacy really have come about due to the 1890 Harvard Law Review article Right to Privacy, written by Samuel Warren and Louis Brandeis. They felt that it is the right of the individual was to be let alone and that the press or anyone else should not infringe upon his/her privacy. I n conjunction with the Law Review, the case of Griswold v. Connecticut (381 U.S. 479) also addressed privacy. Justice Douglas wrote that the individual should be afforded a zone of privacy around their person, which cannot be violated by government intrusion. It is articles and cases like these that have shaped our current legal system and how they look at the individual privacy issue. Many cases have been decided on these decisions and articles. There have been someShow MoreRelatedSocial Justice Society (Sjs), Petitioner, vs. Dangerous Drugs Board and Philippine Drug Enforcement Agency (Pdea), Respondents. Facts: in Its Petition for Prohibition Under Rule 65, Petitioner Social Justice Society (Sjs)1441 Words   |  6 PagesEN BAEN BANC [G.R. No. 157870, November 03, 2008] SOCIAL JUSTICE SOCIETY (SJS), PETITIONER, VS. DANGEROUS DRUGS BOARD AND PHILIPPINE DRUG ENFORCEMENT AGENCY (PDEA), RESPONDENTS. Facts: In its Petition for Prohibition under Rule 65, petitioner Social Justice Society (SJS), a registered political party, seeks to prohibit the Dangerous Drugs Board (DDB) and the Philippine Drug Enforcement Agency (PDEA) from enforcing paragraphs (c), (d), (f), and (g) of Sec. 36 of RA 9165 on the ground that they areRead MoreDrug Testing the Less Fortunate 1023 Words   |  4 PagesShould drug testing be a necessity for all state and federal aid programs? Drug testing welfare recipients have been a major issue across the United States for a few years now. Many indicate that if working class people are subject to a test prior to hire or randomly during the duration of employment, why should those that don’t have to work for money not have the same treatment? The government estimated that random annual drug testing for welfare recipients would cost each taxpayer an additionalRead MoreEssay about Search and Seizure in the Public Schools1487 Words   |  6 PagesSearch S eizure in the Public Schools To fully understand the role and related responsibilities of search and seizure in the public schools, the Constitutional rights of the students and case law must be examined. The Fourth Amendment of the Constitution states: The right of the people to be secure in their persons, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be violated, and no Warrants shall issue, but upon probable cause, supported by Oath or affirmationRead MoreCourse Summary: Human Resource Management: Gaining a Competitive Advantage2306 Words   |  10 PagesResource Management Chapters 1,2,4,5,6,16 Chapter 1: Gaining a Competitive Advantage * Competiveness ability to maintain share in industry (related to effectiveness) * Human Resource Management policies, practices, systems that influence employees’ behaviour, attitude and performance analysing and design of work, planning, recruiting, selection, training, compensation, performance management, employee relations * HRM practices should be strategic * HR has 3 product lines administrativeRead MoreMktg 390 Exam 3 Study Guide6891 Words   |  28 PagesMKTG 390, Exam 3 1. Marketers often mislead consumers by misrepresenting marketing research findings in ads and sales presentations. What are six ways in which they do this? (1). Incomplete or misleading reporting of survey or product testing results; (2).Reporting only the percentage of survey respondents answering in a given way (for example, â€Å"55% of those surveyed said....†) but not the absolute numbers or the sample size; (3). Misleading specification of the competitors tested in reportedRead MorePatton-Fuller Rfp Cmgt5544702 Words   |  19 PagesResponse Time Patton-Fuller Hospital is also concerned that the computer equipment that has been installed, and does not respond the instant a command is given. Once again, a hospital is not the place for inadequate networking equipment. Equipment testing should be conducted prior to installation to ensure the equipment responses as quickly as needed. Network Topology A network topology is a structured design that connects computers, printers, routers to a local area network by twisted pair copperRead MoreFundamentals of Hrm263904 Words   |  1056 Pagesin 10/12 ITC Legacy Serif Book by Aptaracorp, Inc. and printed and bound by Courier/Kendallville. The cover was printed by Courier/Kendallville. This book is printed on acid free paper. Copyright  © 2010, 2007, 2005, 2002 John Wiley Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, scanning or otherwise, except as permitted under Sections 107 or 108Read MoreHuman Resources Management150900 Words   |  604 Pagespositively affecting performance in organizations, both large and small. A joint venture between General Electric and a Japanese company, GE Fanuc is a manufacturer of factory automation and control products. Headquartered in Virginia with 1,500 employees, the HR department primarily performed administrative support activities. But when Donald Borwhat, Jr., took over as Senior Vice President of Human Resources, he and his staff began by restructuring and decentralizing the HR entity so that each functionalRead More_x000C_Introduction to Statistics and Data Analysis355457 Words   |  1422 PagesCompositor: Newgen–India Printer: Courier Corporation/Kendallville  © 2008, 2005 Duxbury, an imprint of Thomson Brooks/Cole, a part of The Thomson Corporation. Thomson, the Star logo, and Brooks/Cole are trademarks used herein under license. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. No part of this work covered by the copyright hereon may be reproduced or used in any form or by any means—graphic, electronic, or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, taping, Web distribution, information storage and retrievalRead MoreOccupational Stress: Causes and Management11211 Words   |  45 Pagesworkplaces and this has helped to make jobs more fragmented in terms of narrowing duties and tasks thus leaving workers to be more disconnected with the final product. This creates workplace challenges, boredom, and reduces the satisfaction that employees gain from their jobs (Pope et al., 1997). This research project will thus help to add knowledge that is known on the subject as well as to develop strategies to utilize intelligence, decision-making and creativity to red uce occupational stress.

Private Financial Intermediaries and Worlds Central Banks Book Report/Review

Essays on Private Financial Intermediaries and Worlds Central Banks Book Report/Review ï » ¿Private Financial Intermediaries and World's Central Banks Financial intermediaries are charged with the aim of facilitating transfer of risk and also offering solution to the intertemporal cash flow dilemma. Financial intermediaries solve the problem of intertemporal cash flow by matching the client with the surplus and the ones with deficit (CALUNIVERSITY, 2007). Although the financial intermediaries, usually offers advice to their client there is need to solve the problem of moral hazard that arise after does not utilize the funds for the intended invest but venture into a more risky invest. Therefore, the concept of interest in case is risk return trade off of interest in consideration of the most feasible investment. This paper will discuss the concept of risk return trade off paying special consideration to the application of concepts. In this case an individual will measure the risk of investment by calculating the variation in the returns of the investment. In this case the individual uses the standard deviation. The returns of the assets in this case are the expected returns. An individual faced with an asset offering the same returns but asset A has high risk rate than asset B. The individual will choose asset B, if the asset faced the same risks but A had higher return than B, the investor would choose asset B. Investors in the business world usually use the level of risk associated with certain project and the returns of such project in determining the most feasible project to invest in. In investing an investor is certain of a return that the market is offering, this referred to as the risk free return, and in addition to these the project has uncertain future returns. It also asserted that under this concept an individual usually holds risk free asset and the risky asset. In order to arrive at the optimal portfolio an individual select the portfolio that lies along the efficient frontier. Chapter 2: The World’s Central Banks and Regulatory Authorities Every country has a regulatory body to regulate its financial markets, in most countries the body assigned this role is the central bank (public financial institutions). Central bank has many policies and tools which they use to stabilize the economy of the concerned state. In the book finance and private financial intermediaries, the author discusses in deep several central banks and their regulatory roles, of interest in this case is one of the tools used by the central bank, the monetary policy (CALUNIVERSITY, 2007). Monetary policy tools are used so to stabilize economies from macroeconomics phenomenon such as inflation, currency depreciation and under investment. Some of the monetary policy tools that have been utilized by these banks include the open market operation. In this case the government buys and sells security, for example in times of inflation the central bank sell securities to the members of the public so as to mop the excess money in circulation the vice versa happens in times deflation. The second tool is where the central banks raise or lowers reserve requirement this action will be to reduce increase the money in possession of the commercial banks. The central bank can also increase or decrease the lending rate to the commercial banks and this has a positive momentum with the lending rate the commercial banks extend credits to their customers (Walsh, 2003). In conclusion the monetary policy tools are vital as the central banks of most part of the world the tools as measure to stabilize the economy to a sustainable level this can be show cased by way the monetary policy has helped in resolving major financial crisis such as the Asian financial crisis. Works Cited CALUNIVERSITY. (2007). FIN 540 Capital Markets. California: California InterContinental University. Walsh, C. (2003). Monetary theory and policy. Massachusetts: MIT Press.

Comparative Study of The Markets of China and Europe

Question: Discuss about the Comparative Study of The Markets of China and Europe. Answer: Introduction R.M. Williams company was founded by Reginald Murray in the year 1932. The company was started in his fathers factory with very low capital investment. Gradually, the business of RM grew and diversified into bush saddler and equipment. The company today has over 50 retail stores in Australia along with one of its stores in London (R.M. Williams, 2017). The company exports to more than 15 countries and has over 900 stockists around the world (R.M. Williams, 2017). The core product of R.M. Williams is handcrafted riding boots and over the period of time the company has introduced t-shirts, caps, leather wallets and polo shirts. The company now designs and produces products for both men and women that include shirts, t-shirts, boots, boots care accessories, skirts, jeans, jackets, bags, wallets, buckles and customized shoes. The company has mastered premium Australian craftsmanship over the span of 80 years. The company produces boots that are beautiful, durable and appropriate for the needs of the customers. In 2013, LVMH purchased 49.9% of companys stake and the company is now owned by global Luxury brand Louis Vuitton Moet Hennessy (Carruthers, 2016). After a huge investment of 50 million dollars, it has become necessary to analyze the market potential to assess the market demands. The paper would thus, make an attempt to carry out a comparative study for the market of China and Europe and find out which market has more potential for the brand. An external environmental analysis would be carried out using PESTEL analysis. Comparative Environment Analysis Economic and Financial Environments China has become the worlds second largest economy after the adoption of economic reforms in 1978 (Focus Economics, 2017). The country became a manufacturing hub and attracted the countries of the world to outsource their work to China because of its low product prices. It was due to this fact that the country was able to survive the global recession of 2008. Further, the corporate tax in China is only 15% for large scale companies, that is very small as compared to western countries (Worldwide Tax, 2014). China witnessed inflation due to which the prices of transport and communication and clothing rose by 2% and 1.3% that would be a challenge for the company as the manufacturing cost of products would increase (Trading Economics, 2017). Further, the company would benefit from the low labor cost of China and abundance of skilled labor in the country. Thus, the company would benefit from growing economy, low labor cost and abundance of labor in the country. China has begun to embrace FDI by reducing the trade barriers for the foreign companies and the country has witnessed growth of 6% in its inward flow of FDI (Export.gov, 2016). The country has been able to attract foreign companies because of its growing and sustainable economy. The five largest banks of China are Industrial and Commercial bank of China, Bank of China, China construction Bank, Bank of Communications and Agricultural Bank of China (CNBC, 2013). The bank lending rose from 32 trillion yuan to 67 trillion yuan from 2012 to 2008 (CNBC, 2013). This shows that the market of China has great liquidity that would facilitate with the means of finances for the company to set up its operations within the country. Though the company is likely to face challenges due to countrys restricted policies for FDI. It would have to submit Letters of Guarantee along with acceptable collaterals. The economy of Europe has been expected to grow at a consistent pace for 2017 and 2018. Euro zone has witnessed a rise in GDP for the last 15 consecutive quarters which was supported by private consumption. It has been projected to grow by 1.6% and 1.8% in 2017 and 2018 respectively (European Commission, 2017a). The exports market has been estimated to grow for the following two years after a weak 2016. Further, inflation has also been expected to increase by 1.7% and 1.4% in 2017 and 2018 respectively (European Commission, 2017a). On the other hand, BREXIT is also most likely to have a negative impact on the economy of Europe. Europe would lose one of its most contributing members through BREXIT that could lead to downfall of the economy (Blenkilsop, 2016). R.M. Williams may take advantage of the growing economy and increasing inflation but need to stay alert to shield itself from the impact of BREXIT and rising cost of goods and services. The financial sector of Europe has been greatly affected by the 2008 global crisis. Low oil and commodity prices, negative interest rates and lower credit and equity markets have affected the profitability of banks, though liquidity of banks remain unaffected (Goffinet, 2016). Political and Legal Environments The Republic of China has communist party system with a stable political system (BBC News, 2017). The government of China strongly supports trade and investment opportunities for foreign companies. The country has gone through many structural changes that include equity joint ventures, reorientation of FDI and growing service sector (Davies, 2013). With the spread of global financial and economic crisis, the country has strongly reinforced FDI. This could be an advantage for LVMH to introduce R.M. Williams product in the market of China and it would be strongly supported by the government. China has strict laws and regulations for foreign companies that restrict their market growth in the country. Though the country has removed some of its restriction and has been making efforts to promote FDI in the country. Earlier, almost three fourth of the industries were required to enter into a joint venture with a Chinese company and one fourth industries were subjected to the clause that Chinese firm should hold the majority of the stake (Cheung and Jin, 2014). This policy has been eased down in the country and numerous industries including garments and shoes industries have now been opened for FDI. In spite of Chinas opening arms for FDI, challenges lie ahead for the foreign companies. The policies of China are more directed towards state owned firms due to which foreign investors face consistent challenges to promote their products and services (Wu, 2016). The company has strict laws that limit foreign investment after a certain limit. They face the challenges due to discriminatory laws, corruption and non-transparent anti-monopoly enforcement (Export.gov, 2016). Thus, the company would have to face legal challenges in China in order to establish and grow its market because of countrys discriminatory policies for foreign and state owned firms. The company would have to make sure that the trademark and patents are not owned by a Chinese company otherwise, it would have to face IPR infringement as faced by Hugo Boss (ICBC, 2017). Europe has gone through series of political instabilities after the economy of Greece fell apart. The impact was severe on the entire European zone as efforts were contributed by the major countries including Germany and France. The impact seems to be rising again with Syriza party in Greece and anti-euro parties in France, Spain and Greece (Spiegel, 2015). The situation of the zone seems to have become worse with the BREXIT deal that has created chaos in the entire Europe (Blenkilsop, 2016). This is likely to pour challenges in the establishment of the brand in the market in the form of changes in policy structure and international trade barriers. Since R.M. Williams has now been overtaken by LVMH, which is a France based company, therefore, it would not have to face the trade barriers of European zone. Instead, the company would enjoy all the rights as that of a home company. Cultural Environments China has the highest population in the world and thus, is an emerging market in the world. The companies have been chasing after the market of China to expand their market and grow their sales revenue by capturing the Chinese market. This change is because of enhanced standard of living of Chinese people. China has witnessed the highest growth rate in terms increasing standard of living of the people (Ross, 2013). Further, shoes market is also growing in China and the people are attracted towards global brands. The shoe market is witnessing a steady every year (Yau, 2016). Further, the fashion industry is also growing in the market of China and country is considered as potential target with 1.4 billion population (Consulate General Shanghai, 2014). The country has become one of the primary lifestyle shopping market with its increasing standard of living and demand for global products (Young, 2015). The Chinese perceive global brands as their aspiration product. Thus, China has huge potential for the brand with its growing population and increasing trend among the consumers. Europe has diversified population from all parts of the world that varies in their culture and traditions. The zone has very high standards of living and the people are very conscious about the brand they wear. The people of France, Germany, Italy and Switzerland have a passion for premium luxurious brands. Garment and shoe market had a turnover of 166 million euros in 2013 (European Commission, 2017b). Further, the demand for luxurious shoes and garments has been constantly increasing due to high standards of living. Thus, in terms of socio-cultural factors, the market has great potential for R.M. Williams. Strategic Recommendations The growing economy and low cost labor of China would facilitate smooth operations in the country, but strict government policies for credit facility for the foreign companies would pose challenges for the brand. Further, inflation rate would also surge the cost of manufacturing products in China. On the other hand, Europes stable and growing economy would facilitate growth but the BREXIT deal would have a negative impact. Finance would be comparatively easier in Europe but profitability of banks is in danger. Thus, economic and financial environmental conditions of Europe offer greater opportunity as compared to that of China. The company is likely to face challenges due to discriminatory policies and lack of transparency in China. Further, government policies are more state owned firms oriented due to which the company would have to face great number of challenges in China. On the other hand, the company would not have to face any legal challenge in Europe because LVMH, France based company, has acquired R.M. Williams, that makes R.M. Williams a domestic company. China and Europe both are politically stable, except that Europe faces the threat of BREXIT and Greece is also politically unstable after the breakdown of its economy. China has great market for western brands because of changing consumer lifestyle, yet the majority of the people cannot afford premium brands. On the other hand, Europes countries are among the countries with high purchasing power and standard of living. An average European is inclined to buy luxurious products that are perceived very expensive by Chinese people. Thus, the above analysis states that market of Europe is better in terms of economy, financial borrowing and liquidity, flexibility of legal policies and standard of living of people. Thus, Europe is the recommended market and has more potential as compared to China. Conclusion The analysis and discussion thus, reveals that Europe has more market potential as compared to market of China. China in spite of being the fastest growing economy of the world does not provide the suitable legal and political environment for the company to establish and grow its market. Chinas discriminatory policies and lack of transparency do not support the growth of foreign companies and its policy structure is more directed towards state owned firms that hinders the operational activities of foreign companies. The foreign companies face intellectual infringement challenges and the ruling goes in the favor of Chinese domestic companies. On the other hand, LVMH being a France based company would benefit in terms of financial and legal aspects in the European Zone. Further, there is a large market of garment and shoes in Europe that would facilitate the establishment of the company. References BBC News. (2017). China country profile. BBC News. Available at: https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-pacific-13017877 [Accessed Online 13 April 2017]. Blenkilsop, P. (2016). From trade to migration - how Brexit may hit the EU economy. Reuters. Available at: https://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-britain-eu-economy-europe-idUKKCN0ZA0KE [Accessed Online 14 April 2017]. Carruthers, F. (2016). R.M. Williams sets out to sell its Australian story to the world. Financial Review. Available at: https://www.afr.com/brand/afr-magazine/rm-williams-sets-out-to-sell-its-australian-story-to-the-world-20160214-gmu1ih#ixzz4e7nCDitu[Accessed Online 13 April 2017]. Cheung, F., and Jin, J. (2014). China Expected to Lift Restrictions on Foreign Direct Investment through New Guidance. Deacons. Available at: https://www.deacons.com.hk/news-and-insights/publications/china-expected-to-lift-restrictions-on-foreign-direct-investment-through-new-guidance.html [Accessed Online 14 April 2017]. CNBC. (2013). China Big 5 Banks' 2012 Profit Seen Up 12% at $121 Billion. CNBC. Available at: https://www.cnbc.com/id/100575545 [Accessed Online 14 April 2017]. Consulate General Shanghai. (2014). CHINAS FASHION INDUSTRY. Consulate General Shanghai. Available at: https://china.nlambassade.org/binaries/content/assets/postenweb/c/china/zaken-doen-in-china/sectoren/creatieve-industrie/china-fashion-industry-kansenrapport.pdf [Accessed Online 13 April 2017]. Davies, K. (2013). China Investment Policy: An Update. OECD Publishing. Available at: https://www.oecd.org/china/WP-2013_1.pdf [Accessed Online 13 April 2017]. European Commission. (2017a). Winter 2017 Economic Forecast. European Commission. Available at: https://ec.europa.eu/info/business-economy-euro/economic-performance-and-forecasts/economic-forecasts/winter-2017-economic-forecast_en [Accessed Online 14 April 2017] European Commission. (2017b). Textiles and clothing in the EU. European Commission. Available at: https://ec.europa.eu/growth/sectors/fashion/textiles-clothing/eu_en [Accessed Online 14 April 2017]. Export.gov. (2016). China - Openness to and Restriction on Foreign Investment. Export.gov. Available at: https://www.export.gov/article?id=China-Openness-to-and-Restriction-on-Foreign-Investment [Accessed Online 14 April 2017]. Focus Economics. (2017). China Economic Outlook. Focus Economics. Available at: https://www.focus-economics.com/countries/china [Accessed Online 13 April 2017]. Goffinet, Y. (2016). European Banks: A Problem Of ProfitabilityBut Not Of Liquidity Or Solvency. Perspectives. Available at: https://perspectives.pictet.com/2016/02/12/european-banks-a-problem-of-profitability-but-not-of-liquidity-or-solvency/ [Accessed Online 14 April 2017]. ICBC. (2017). Import T/T Credit Facility. ICBC. Available at: https://www.icbc.com.cn/ICBC/Global%20Service/International%20Financing/Overseas%20Loan%20under%20Domestic%20Guarantee/ [Accessed Online 14 April 2017]. R.M. Williams. (2017). A Lifes Work. R.M. Williams. Available at: https://www.rmwilliams.com.au/r.m.w.-the-company/Footer_company information.html?lang=en_AU [Accessed Online 13 April 2017]. Ross, J. (2013). China has the world's fastest growth in living standards. China.org. Available at: https://www.china.org.cn/opinion/2013-10/24/content_30391004.htm [Accessed Online 13 April 2017]. Spiegel, P. (2015). European politics emerges as one of the top global risk factors. Financial Times. Available at: https://www.ft.com/content/285b6780-847f-11e4-bae9-00144feabdc0 [Accessed Online 13 April 2017]. Trading Economics. China Inflation. (2017). Trading Economics. Available at: https://www.tradingeconomics.com/china/inflation-cpi [Accessed Online 13 April 2017]. Worldwide Tax. (2014). China Tax Rates. Worldwide Tax. Available at: https://www.worldwide-tax.com/china/china_tax.asp [Accessed Online 13 April 2017]. Wu, W. (2016). Is China making life difficult for foreign companies?. South China Morning Post. Available at: https://www.scmp.com/news/china/diplomacy-defence/article/1940397/china-making-life-difficult-foreign-companies [Accessed Online 14 April 2017]. Yau, P. (2016). Chinas Footwear Market. HKTD Research. Available at: https://china-trade-research.hktdc.com/business-news/article/China-Consumer-Market/China-s-Footwear-Market/ccm/en/1/1X000000/1X002MPH.htm [Accessed Online 13 April 2017]. Young, S.B. (2015). Selling Shoes to China: An Opportunity for Global FootwearBrands. Foot Wear News. Available at: https://footwearnews.com/2015/business/retail/china-prime-sales-target-19323/ [Accessed Online 13 April 2017].

Analytical Essay Sample on a Fictional Character #8211; Atticus Finch

Analytical Essay Sample on a Fictional Character #8211; Atticus Finch Atticus Finch is basically a fictional character included in Harper Lee’s popular novel christened, To Kill a Mockingbird. According to the novel, Finch, a resident of Maycomb County, which is also a fictional country in Alabama, is a lawyer and the father of two children named Jeremy and Jean. Apparently, Lee based the characteristics of Finch on those of his own father, Coleman Lee. Coleman was, just like Finch, a lawyer in Alabama who worked hard to voice and defend the rights of black citizens accused of myriad of crimes. Most of the trials taken by Coleman were highly publicized, just as those that are taken by Finch. In the novel, Finch is described as a strong individual with a very strong character. Finch is also described as an individual who is never afraid to put his own life in danger while defending the rights of accused blacks. Not only did the cases place his life in danger but the cases also posed a big threat to his career. These threats, however, did not seem to scare away Finch who even worked hard on the highly publicized and controversial cases. Finch’s character is that of an individual who actively pursues justice and demonstrates good examples of a scout. The character also demonstrates the importance of integrity and just how important it is to be willing to sacrifice everything that one has in pursuit of the truth and in search of justice. It is as if Lee admired his father so much that he decided to illustrate what he thought of his father in the book. Lee, through Finch’s character, appears to be teaching the audience that once they believe in something, they should not be afraid to go after that thing, regardless of the consequences. One of the most popular quotations in the book is that which states that â€Å"one can never really understand an individual until one begins looking at the situation at hand from the view of that individual. It is not until one climbs into an individual’s skin and walks around in it that one will understand that individual.† In this quote, Finch appears to be giving an important piece of advice to Scout when she experiences a very tough time while in school. The quote is meant to help Scout go back to school even though she had made up her mind never to go back to school. The other popular quotation is â€Å"the one thing that does not follow the majority of what is accepted by people is an individual’s conscience.† This is a famous quote in the book because it offers a piece of advice that many people can use by directly applying it to their own situations. Basically, Finch is saying that people should learn to accept the fact there are certain things that happen in life that we cannot do anything about and should therefore not fight them but learn to accept them as they are. Tips on writing a Good 5-paragraph essay on Atticus Finch: Use concrete examples; Comment on every example or argument you include in the essay; Dont be too descriptive and stay on point in your discussion. Do you need professional 5-paragraph essay on Atticus Finch topics? Our essay writing services are designed especially for you!

Negotiation Paper Essays

Negotiation Paper Essays Negotiation Paper Essay Negotiation Paper Essay Thomas could not decide what to do. Rodgers asked for advice from all sorts of people including his parents. His father knew someone who worked at a car dealership and they set up an appointment to go meet with him. Upon entering the car dealership for his appointment Rodgers brought all his information with him that he had previously gathered from other resources. When starting to negotiate the dealer asked Rodgers to take a look around at the cars to see what type of car he wanted to Invest in. Rodgers already knew what he wanted and how much he wanted to spend. He expressed this to the dealer and he explained to the dealer what his bank had already stipulated. The dealer responded by telling Rodgers he can get him in the car he wanted at a better interest rate and it would be a 2010 vehicle. The dealer asked what color car he wanted and Rodgers replied silver. The dealer began working on the sale. The dealer ran Into a problem with that particular vehicle, the amount was over what Rodgers credit said he can afford (debt to orator)_ So the dealer asked Rodgers If e would be willing to switch to a light blue car with just a few thousand miles on it but it still was a 2010. Rodgers agreed. The dealer started re-working the sale. After a while the dealer told Rodgers he can get him into that vehicle at a lower interest rate but he needed $500 more towards the deposit. Rodgers wanted a little bit more to the contract If he was going to put down $5,500. The dealer worked some more. Finally, the dealer said the best he could do was a lower Interest rate with the same amount of deposit, with an added car protection maintenance plan for five years for the care, ND the final total of the car would be less than what he initially intended to spend. To sum it up Rodgers drove away in a vehicle that he really liked for a final total after deposit of $13, 543, an interest rate of 7. 9%, the car was a 2010, low miles, with the five year protection plan, the car only had one previous owner, the car had been in no car accidents, and a low monthly note. According to McGraw-Hill negotiating Is not only common but It Is also essential to living an effective and satisfying life. Negotiation is an agreement that has been agreed upon between two or more arties. Negotiations can occur in all different kinds of circumstances such as, business, government, personal individuals, legal proceedings, nations, marriages, parenting, and divorce. Attitude plays an important role in negotiations. Attitude has the potential to be positive or negative in a negotiation. Negative attitude can cause Intense emotion between the parties Involved. Conflicts can escalate and this can cause a Dreamlike In ten negotiation. Having a positive Attlee can possibly De able to lead to reach an agreement. This can possibly help maximize gains in the estimation. Positive and negative discrete emotions can be strategically displayed to influence task and relational outcomes and may play out differently across cultural boundaries (Spokesman, Rosette, and Thompson). Each negotiation situation is different, and is also influenced by a person style or emotions. Often negotiation is looked at as something bad, because it implies a difference in the parties involved. Understanding more about negotiations will allow the parties involved to manage the negotiation with confidence. This will most likely increase the chance of the outcome o be positive for all parties involved. Negotiation should not be confrontational. An effective negotiation is when there is communication with all parties involved and working together to find a solution. The attitude that a person takes in a negotiation sets the tone for the interaction between the parties. It is normal to become emotional in a negotiation. Keep in mind the more emotional one gets the less one is able to channel the negotiation in constructive ways. It is very important to maintain control. Overall, Rodgers did his research before entering the car dealership. Rodgers knew what his goal was and he went into the dealership with a positive attitude. Having a positive attitude Rodgers had more confidence going into the dealership. Rodgers knew that if he had a negative attitude going in it may have had a detrimental effect on the negotiation. Having a negative attitude going in could have cause the negotiation process to begin with distrust and clouded both parties judgment. This would have also narrowed the individual focus of attention and change the mind of both parties general goal from reaching the agreement.

Analysis of a Qualitative Research Report Essay

Analysis of a Qualitative Research Report - Essay Example Teachers are in the unique position of establishing a relationship with the student wherein the teach may feel obligated to protect the student. When a student dies, the teacher may feel responsible for that death to some degree. It is important for individuals in the nursing profession to identify the need for services to individuals in need. In so doing, individuals in the nursing profession can recommend services for all those involved utilizing a team approach. Essentially, when nurses identify the need for services, they can work with an interdisciplinary team which often includes social work staff, psychological services staff etc. A referral initiated by the nursing staff can be vital to ensuring teachers are provided with the appropriate services to assist them in the grieving process and assure that the teachers arrive at the point of acceptance and return to their lives free of guilt, anger and the other symptoms which accompany a loss. The purpose of this study was to examine the way in which teachers deal with the death of a student during the school year. This is significant to the field of nursing in that there is a very real possibility that a teacher who has experienced the death of a student will have to seek the assistance of a nurse or someone in the nursing profession was a direct result of the inability to cope with the death of a student. In seeking the assistance of a nurse, it is important for nurses to be aware of both the physical and psychological effects of having experience the death of a young person. In being aware of the effects, a nurse or someone in the nursing profession is able to make an informed decision with regards to the course of treatment as well as to engage the necessary professionals in rendering a continuum of services. iii) Research Question: What is the research question? If it is not stated, what would be the research question? In what way would you say that the question is

Linux vs HP-UNIX Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Linux vs HP-UNIX - Essay Example "A single class of process is a feasible approach in Plan 9 because the kernel has an efficient system call interface and cheap process creation and scheduling." (Pike et al) Bell Labs: The kernel support for parallel programming in Plan 9 is a few hundred lines of portable code; a handful of simple primitives enable the problems to be handled cleanly at user level. Although the primitives work fine from C, they are particularly expressive from within Alef. The creation and management of slave I/O processes can be written in a few lines of Alef, providing the foundation for a consistent means of multiplexing data flows between arbitrary processes. (Pike et al) Bell Labs UNIX is a "multi-tasking OS, which means that there may be many programs and many programs and people using the same machine at the same time, by using the concept of a virtual machine". (Seth Noble, 2005) Linux's bottom half handlers were invented so that device drivers and other parts of the Linux kernel could queue work to be done later on. Figure 11.1 shows the kernel data structures associated with bottom half handling. Bottom Half Handling Figure 11.1: Bottom Half Handling Data Structures There can be up to 32 different bottom half handlers; bh_base is a vector of pointers to each of the kernel's bottom half handling routines. bh_active and bh_mask have their bits set according to what handlers have been installed and are active. If bit N of bh_mask is set then the Nth element of bh_base contains the address of a bottom half routine. If bit N of bh_active is set then the N'th bottom half handler routine should be called as soon as the scheduler deems reasonable. These indices are statically defined; the timer bottom half handler is the highest priority (index 0), the console bottom half handler is next in priority (index 1) and so on. Typically the bottom half handling routines have lists of tasks associated with them. For example, the immediate bottom half handler works its way through the immediate tasks queue (tq_immediate) which contains tasks that need to be performed immediately. (Rusling, David 1999) Shell The shell application inside the UNIX Plan9 system are set up for standard input and output connection to the editable text of the window with such features as its own private bitmap and multiplexed access to the keyboard, mouse and other graphical resources. The UNIX shell is commonly defined as the command line which provides the user interface for the actual operating system. By executing input commands, the shell will then execute those exact inputs. There are different shells that are available for Linux and is very much the same as UNIX in its description of how the shell application works. The following shells are available for Linux: Shell Name Developed by Where Remark BASH ( Bourne-Again SHell ) Brian Fox and Chet Ramey Free Software Foundation Most common shell in Linux.

Comparison Of Two Learning Theories Education Essay

Comparison Of Two Learning Theories Education Essay Learning is a persisting changes in performance or performance potential that result from experience and interaction with the world (Driscoll, 2000, p.3). The way we process information is as individual as our genetic makeup, but research has shown that there are many different types of learning theories used for classroom education. (Merriam, Caffarella, Baumgartner, 2007; Weimer, 2002; Steiner, Floyd, Hewett, Lewis, Walker, 2010). The theories of behaviorist and cognitivist are important to compare because they are a part of the basic foundations in which other learning theories have been formed. In order to apply learning theories to nursing practice, the need to understand the basis of different theories is important. Theories have been researched and tested and have some importance as to how things work across different situations and circumstances. Theories can give some consistent ways of looking at classroom practice and some rational explanations for what happens within th e class. Philosophy Behaviorism is primarily concerned with observable and measurable aspects of human behavior. In defining behavior, behaviorist learning theories emphasize changes in behavior that result from stimulus-response associations made by the learner. Behavior is directed by stimuli. An individual selects one response instead of another because of prior conditioning and psychological drives existing at the moment of the action (Parkay Hass, 2000). In education, this type of learning falls into the reward/punishment category. The rewards must be important to the learner in order to give the incentive to respond favorably. Cognitive science began a move from behavioristic practices which emphasized external behavior, to a concern with the internal mental processes of the mind and how they could be utilized in promoting effective learning. The models that had been developed in the behaviorist tradition were not disregarded, but instead the task analysis and learner analysis parts of the models were elaborated on. Cognitivism is based on the thought process behind the observations. Changes in behavior are detected and perceived to be an indicator of what was happening inside the mind. The new models addressed component processes of learning such as knowledge coding and representation, information storage and retrieval as well as the incorporation and integration of new knowledge with previous information. (Saettler, 1990) Origins and Authors The foundation of Behaviorism, trace its roots to the early part of the 20th century. This was during a time when many psychologists emphasized self-analysis of mental processes (introspection) or the psychoanalytic theory of Sigmund Freud. In contrast, researchers like Ivan Pavlov, began to develop a framework which emphasized observable processes (environmental stimuli and behavioral responses). (Kentridge, 2007) Originators and important contributors to behaviorism believed that learning is confined to observational and measurable behavior. The two major schools of thought are based on ideas from Pavlov who showed classical conditioning and Skinner who believed in operant conditioning. One of the most famous experiments on classical conditioning is from Russian physiologist, Ivan Pavlov (1849-1936). Pavlov originally was doing an experiment regarding the role of salivation in digestion. From his observations, Pavlov noticed when his assistant brought meat into the laboratory; the dogs being used for in this experiment would automatically start to salivate. Further research into this phenomenon formed the famous Pavlovs stimulus and response experiment, known now as classic conditioning. Classic conditioning is a four-step learning procedure involving reflexes. (Fig. 1) http://www.simplypsychology.org/pavlov.html Fig. 1 Pavlovs Dog Experiment During classical (or Pavlovian) conditioning, human and animal subjects change the magnitude and timing of their conditioned response (CR), as a result of the contingency between the conditioned stimulus (CS) and the unconditioned stimulus (US). Whereas in classical conditioning, the US and the CS determine the form of the CR, in operant conditioning the strength and frequency, but not the form, of the response is independent of the US. (Schmajuk, 2007) B.F. Skinner (1974) coined the term operant conditioning; it means roughly changing of behavior by the use of reinforcement which is given after the desired response. Skinner identified three types of responses or operant that can follow behavior. Skinner believed that we do have such a thing as a mind, but that it is simply more productive to study observable behavior rather than internal mental events. In essence, Skinner believed we are what we have been reinforced for being (Olson Hergenhahn, 2009, p. 76). Operant conditioning has been widely applied in clinical settings (i.e., behavior modification) as well as teaching (i.e., classroom management) and instructional development (e.g., programmed instruction). This theory states that when learning is rewarded, behavior is perpetuated or maintained, while punished behavior is removed. In the classic experiment of Skinner Box, a rat may receive a food reward every time he presses the bar. He presses faster and faster. (Fig 2). http://www.simplypsychology.org/operant-conditioning.html Fig. 2 Skinners Rat Box The major techniques used in operant conditioning are: Positive reinforcement increasing a behavior by administering a reward. Negative reinforcement increasing a behavior by removing an aversive stimulus when a behavior occurs Punishment decreasing a behavior by administering an aversive stimulus Extinction decreasing a behavior by not rewarding it. Albert Bandura thought Skinners theories were too simplistic although he also believed many of the psychological constructs of previous psychological thought were far too laid back, and were neither problem-solving nor action-oriented (Bandura, 1997). He believed in reciprocal determinism, that is, the world and a persons behavior cause each other, while behaviorism essentially states that ones environment causes ones behavior, Bandura, who was studying adolescent aggression, found this too simplistic, and so in addition he suggested that behavior causes environment as well. Later, Bandura soon considered personality as an interaction between three components: the environment, behavior, and ones psychological processes (ones ability to entertain images in minds and language). (Bandura, 1997) Cognitivism considers the learner as an information processor, much like that of a computer. It believes that the black box of the mind should be opened and understood. The information comes in, is processed and leads to certain outcomes. The concept believed that people are not just like rats that respond to stimuli but rather, they are rational thinking human beings that require active participation to learn. There are four major contributors to the Cognitivists theory. Howard Gardner believed that students learn in different ways. According to Gardner, we are all able to know the world through language, logical-mathematical analysis, spatial representation, musical thinking, and the use of the body to solve problems or to make things, an understanding of other individuals, and an understanding of ourselves. Where individuals differ is in the strength of these intelligences the so-called profile of intelligences -and in the ways in which such intelligences are invoked and combined to carry out different tasks, solve diverse problems, and progress in various domains. (Gardner, 1991) Fig. 3 -Multiple intelligences Robert Gangne developed information processing theory identified eight levels of intellectual skills including: signal, stimulus-response, chaining, verbal association, multiple discrimination, concept formation, principle formation and problem solving. He also explained that there are five areas of learning outcomes: verbal information; intellectual skills; cognitive strategies; motor skills and attitudes. www.classweb.gmu.edu Fig. 4-Levels of Intelligence Allan Paivio discovered Dual coding theory that states people process information in two different ways; processing of images and the processing of language. Fig http://cslsrv.ice.ntnu.edu.tw/LabNews/Minutes01S/20010412joseph.htm Fig. 5- Dual Coding Theory Benjamin Bloom described six levels of learning in his model of critical thinking. These levels are also known as Blooms Txaonomy. . http://taspd.edublogs.org/2007/04/23/revised-blooms-taxonomy/ Fig. 6- Blooms Taxonomy Literature Review The two movements differ particularly in their views on behavior. Behaviorism, whose research subjects were mostly animals, views behavior as an irreducible consequence of environmental stimuli, whereas Cognitivism, whose research subjects are often humans, sees behavior as a point from which to abstract the mental processes behind the behavior. Skinners studies of operant behaviors have become very useful in the field of learning and cognition (Corey, 2009). Studies have shown that behavior can be conditioned by reinforcements, positively, which increases the probability of the behavior happening again, or negatively, which decreases the probability the behavior will happen again (Olson Hergenhahn, 2009). Skinners theories still remain in wide use, helping users understand and control behaviors in many disciplines as well as in issues ranging from advertising to parenting (Olson Hergenhahn, 2009). According to Corey (2009), the research of Kazdin (2001) and Spiegler Guevremont (2003) revealed that behavioral therapy is generally as effective as alternative therapies, and in some instances, more effective. The Cognitive Learning Theory supports the idea that learning includes different kinds of memories, motivation and thinking. One of the other important factors is that of reflection. Those that promote Cognitivsm believe that the learning process is internal and depends on memorized information from pre-existing knowledge. (Ausubel, 1974) The theory argues that the degree of which a person learns is not affected by the ability and quality of mental processing. (Craik Tulving, 1975; Craik Tulving, 1975) Cognitivism maintains that memory is stored by using a connective pattern of information that networks with other patterns by means of some type of a relationship. (Stoyanova Kommers, 2002) Use in Nursing Education Writing behavioral-based instructional objectives seems to specify clear, measurable terms to assist learners. According to Morrison (2001), behavior based objectives become the end rather than the means for instruction. Morrison continues to point out that cognitive focused instructional objectives overcome this problem by first stating a general objective to communicate the intent. Additionally, they observe that cognitive objectives are well suited for describing higher levels of learning. (Morrison et al., 2001, p. 97) In behaviorism, the learner is actively involved in learning, practicing, and demonstrating new behaviors and is extremely dependent on receiving feedback from the educator. The educator is responsible for identifying behavioral outcomes, controlling the environment, and providing feedback. Current use of behaviorism in education is most often associated with education and training (Merriam et al., 2007). Behaviorism does well in education because it promotes good behavior and recognizes that unwanted behavior has consequences. Students learn by observing and interpreting the behavior, and associated consequences, of others in a process termed vicarious reinforcement or modeling (Bandura, 1977). Learning by modeling involves a complex process of interpreting, coding, and retaining the information for future application, then engaging in the modeled behavior (Bandura, 1969). Cognitivists have influenced educational strategies by including prior knowledge in influencing how new information is digested. Cognitive learning theorists believe that learning is an internal process in which information is integrated or internalized into ones cognitive or intellectual structure. Learning occurs through internal processing of information. From the cognitive viewpoint, how new information is presented is important. In the first or cognitive phase of learning, the student learns the overall picture of what the task is and the sequences involved. In the second, or fixation learning phase, the learner begins to gain skill in performing the task. In the last phase of learning, the automatic phase, the student gains increasing confidence and competence in performing the task. (Elias et al., 1984) Personal Use I believe that we all use a part of the behaviorists way of learning, to some extent. We all like to be awarded for the work or behavior that we have accomplished. We know there are repercussions and consequences for not adhering to the rules. Our behaviors represent how we are perceived by others in society. The determination of how others behave is by the use of checks and balances of stimuli and response. The way we act and/or behave, teaches people how to respond to us. I believe that I am motivated to learn and acquire more knowledge. The ability to mentally organize, rehearse and comprehend new learning materials is one I strive to obtain. The motivation that has driven me to succeed in both by personal and professional lives has been founded on realistic and challenging goals. Conclusion There are many different ways of learning and teaching. Two of the earliest methods of learning can still utilized in todays classroom. The foundation of theories helps us as a framework to base our learning and teaching upon. We can use positive and negative reinforcement as well as modeling to teach our students how to absorb and maintain new materials. Behaviorism is a teacher based concept full of structure and rules. Examples are class lectures, note taking and role modeling. Cognitivist used a student based concept in which students can find out information by themselves by using case studies, research and discussions. These two types of learning theories can help to shape our future generations.

The Problem of Poverty: Welfare in America Essays -- Poverty Essays

The Problem of Poverty: Welfare in America For centuries, nations, cities, and individual families have dealt with the problem of poverty; how to remedy current situations and how to prevent future ones. For most of history, there have been no government controlled poverty assistance programs. The poor simply relied on the goodness of their families or, if they did not have a family, on the generosity of the public at large. In the United States, this situation changed in 1935 with the passage of the Social Security Act. The Social Security Act has seen many successes, but it also faces many critiques of its structure and function. In the past, most governments did little to actively aid their poor population. This duty was understood to fall on the families of the poor individuals, charity groups, and generous individuals. Some governments aided their needy in indirect ways. One of the first government-mediated assistance programs was passed by the English Parliament in 1601 as the Act for the Relief of the Poor. This act s et up local 'parishes' that were responsible for taking care of the poor in their own district. However, the government provided no funds to facilitate this program?the parishes were responsible for levying and collecting taxes to finance their programs. Though it would be considered a very primitive form of welfare by today?s standards, it was a large step toward government-mediated welfare compared to the English system 250 years before that. In 1349, Parliament forbade charity on the grounds that it might encourage laziness. Since then, public attitudes have changed about the responsibility of the citizens and the government to provide for the assistance of the needy. Limited federal assistance was given to war veterans and their families beginning during the Civil War, but large scale assistance to the general needy community was not available for almost 75 more years (Komisar 48). A large contribution toward the assistance of the poor in the United States came during the Progre ssive movement around the turn of the century. Activist groups championed not only workers rights in the form of unions, but also the right of every citizen to have access to decent living conditions (Komisar 67). The Progressive movement slackened during the prosperous ?20s, but the social welfare issue was forcefully placed back into the public con... ...banks could meet the needs of the increased number of people who seek their services. Although it is probably impossible to achieve complete freedom from poverty, society need not sit idly by in the face of such a monumental challenge. Indeed, it is the public duty of each individual to aid in the improvement of the lives of poor persons around the nation and around the world. Large-scale, complex systems such as the one now in place in America, only serve to create an inefficient, costly effort that could be achieved with less manpower and fewer dollars. Government oversight and subsidizing of private contributions toward the elimination of poverty is a far more efficient, adaptive, and economical way of working toward the eradication of the problem of poverty. Bibliography Garfinkel, Irwin. ?Welfare?, World Book Encyclopedia, World Book Inc., New York, Vol 21, pp. 191-193, Â ©1988. Komisar, Lucy. Down and Out in the USA: A History of Public Welfare. Rev. ed. Watts, Chicago, Â ©1977. Patterson, James. America?s Struggle Against Poverty, 1900-1980., Harvard Press, Boston, Â ©1981. Segalman, Ralph. Poverty in America: The Welfare Dilemma, Greenwood, Los Angeles, Â ©1981

The Wish English

A young boy, full of imagination and new exciting adventures, is the protagonist of the story â€Å"The Wish. † This story was written by the author Roald Dahl, a well-known author that has also written the stories, â€Å"The BFG†, â€Å"Matilda† and, â€Å"James and the Giant Peach,† Children have minds packed with creativity, everything is an adventure. For this young boy, he becomes wildly engulfed in his imagination each day. Some characteristics of the boy include that he is incredibly imaginative, and he has a lot of ambition. What else can be said to be a characteristic of the boy is that can seem to be foolish, and he also is very lonely.On this particular day of adventures, the boy becomes quite lost in his creativity. The result of this is that his new quest turns into a dire situation of getting a puppy, or falling into the depths of the red, black, and yellow carpet. The imagination of the boy is one of his key characteristics. He even makes pi cking a scab into a special exciting challenge. â€Å"A scab was always a fascinating thing; it presented a special challenge he was never able to resist. † After picking the scab he continues with another adventure that includes the colorful carpet.I believe that imagination is a great thing to have in life, but to much can have many consequences. Something continuously expressed by the boy are the lines, â€Å"I must† and, â€Å"I will. † This shows that he is extremely ambitious and motivated. An example of this would be, â€Å"What I must do is this: I must walk all the way along it to the front door without touching them. † Of course, with such an imaginative mind, this boy seems slightly foolish. As he talks to the carpet and holds his breath with each step, the usual person would probably think that this child is making a fool of himself.He yelled at the carpet with enthusiasm, â€Å"I’m not touching you! You mustn’t bite me! You kno w, I’m not touching you! Another characterization of the boy would be that he seems lonely. The boy thought, â€Å"For someone who had only yesterday triumphantly traveled the whole length of the brick path from the stables to the summerhouse without touching the cracks, this carpet thing should not be too difficult. † This thought shows that the boy is having adventures like this everyday; he doesn’t have another child or sibling to play with. The boy is also wishing that he would be given a puppy for his birthday, maybe this is because of his loneliness.He just wishes for some company. With such characteristics in a young boy, he seems like quite the interesting kid. He is described greatly between the lines of the short story. The boy doesn’t change throughout the adventure, he is mostly unaffected by the events. Although I am not sure about what had happened to this young boy and the carpet, I am wishing the story had presented more towards the conclu sion. Not only am I wanting more and constantly wondering what actually happened to the boy, but also I’m glad the story had ended the way it did.

A Visit to the Notre Dame Cathedral - 586 Words

The Notre Dame Cathedral is certainly one of the most beautiful locations in the world, as the city of Paris as a whole and the buildings surroundings contribute to making visitors acknowledge the importance of this monument. Construction on the cathedral started in 1163 and was largely finished by 1250, with most of its features emphasizing Gothic influences. The buildings architecture, the sculptures present in it, and the impressive stained glass all stand as reminders that the French community invested most of its cultural values into the church at the time when it was constructed. From the very first moment when entering the cathedral one is likely to be struck by the silence dominating the massive interior. In spite of the somewhat annoying number of curious tourists (others probably saw my curiosity just as annoying as the noise), the church manages to maintain its quiet and peaceful nature. This is truly remarkable, taking into account that it is constantly filled with tourists through visiting hours. It is difficult to ignore the fact that the Notre Dame is one of most popular monuments in the world and that many visitors prefer this particular building to the Eiffel Tower. Its popularity certainly makes it difficult for one to feel the sacredness that it contains and that it was initially meant to put across. The fact that so many visitors walk through its entrance every day diminishes its value somewhat, especially considering that many of them fail toShow MoreRelatedMusic In Western Europe Essay1942 Words   |  8 Pagesthen once more in the 20th century. The next place we visited was the Westminster Abbey. The Westminster Abbey is a large, Gothic abbey church in the City of Westminster, London. 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Initially, I was shocked with some of the images presented, confused as to why certain practices happened, but open to embracing this new experience to the fullest. One of the first things that mesmerized me was the actual church building itself. The structure of the Church was breathtaking.Read MoreMy Favorite Exhibit At Mauthausen1874 Words   |  8 Pagesis more present and in the moment and therefore your focus is on what the memorial means and why it is there. When seeing an image or video on the Internet, it is just as easy to switch or close tabs if you are thinking of something else. Physical visits to museums or memorials offer a better education and therefore understanding of those memorials. I disagree with Kluger who said, â€Å"The various Shoah museums and reconstituted concentration camp sites do the exact opposite. That’s why I find them soRead MoreParis, France, And The City Of Light3167 Words   |  13 PagesI would also love to visit Disneyland Paris for a day. Maybe visit the different parks and go on a few roller coasters. I’d also like to pay a visit to the gorgeous Notre Dame Cathedral, after all, so many great stories have been written with that setting. Finally, I’d like to see the architectural marvel that is the Arc de Triomphe, especially in the night, when it’s lit up and you can clearly see the magnificent carvings in the arch. Finally, of course, I would like to visit Claude Monet’s homeRead More History Of Music Essay2522 Words   |  11 Pageselaborate part was added above the tenor. As the two parts become more independent, often two distinct melodies ran at the same time. When the third and fourth parts were added, the music became truly polyphonic. Along with the building of the Notre Dame Cathedral in Paris grew a school of composers, two of the most prominent of whom were Leonin and Perotin. 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